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47 results for “reproductive characters”
FIGURE 2 in Kalanchoe ×sampsonii [K. ×hankeyi × K. sexangularis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a horticulturally successful nothospecies from South Africa with enhanced vegetative and reproductive characters
FIGURE 2. Kalanchoe ×sampsonii. A. At flowering maturity plants of this shrubby nothospecies reach a height of about 0.5 m. B. Through heterosis, inflorescences are more branched and have a wider spread than in either of the parents. C. Peduncles are more intensely reddish-infused than in K. ×hankeyi, but less than in K. sexangularis. D. Flowers (corolla tube and corolla lobes) are more intensely yellow than those of either of the parents. E. Flowers, here in lateral view, of K. ×sampsonii (centre) are often intermediate between those of K. longiflora (left, one of the parents of K. ×hankeyi) and K. sexangularis (right), but the corolla tube is more intensely yellow. F. Corolla lobes of K. ×sampsonii (centre) are more intensely yellow than those of K. longiflora (left, one of the parents of K. ×hankeyi) and K. sexangularis (right, the other parent of K. ×hankeyi). G. A White-bellied sunbird, Cinnyris talatala, feeding on the copiously nectariferous flowers of K. ×sampsonii. H. Jason D.S. Sampson (1979–), after whom K. ×sampsonii is named, next to a very large specimen of K. ×estrelae on the Hatfield campus of the University of Pretoria; photograph taken on 10 June 2022. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 1 in Kalanchoe ×sampsonii [K. ×hankeyi × K. sexangularis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a horticulturally successful nothospecies from South Africa with enhanced vegetative and reproductive characters
FIGURE 1. Kalanchoe ×hankeyi (A–B) and K. sexangularis (C–D). A. Leaves of K. ×hankeyi are light green to strongly red-infused, especially when grown in full sun. The marginal leaf crenations of K. ×hankeyi are situated more towards the upper parts of the leaf margins, as in one of its parents, K. longiflora, rather than virtually along the whole margin, as is found in the other parent, K. sexangularis. B. Flowers of K. ×hankeyi have yellow corolla lobes and a greenish yellow tube. C. Leaves of K. sexangularis turn a bright crimson red when exposed to high levels of solar irradiation. D. As in the case of K. ×hankeyi, flowers of K. sexangularis have a greenish yellow corolla tube and yellow corolla lobes. All photographs taken by Gideon F. Smith.
Data from: Reproductive character displacement of epicuticular compounds and their contribution to mate choice in Drosophila subqinaria and D. recens
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Data for: Relationships between reproductive character displacement in genital morphology and the population-level cost of interspecific mating: Implications for the Templeton effect
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Effects of experimental warming on vegetative and reproductive characters of P. viviparaum in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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Data from: Sensory drive does not explain reproductive character displacement of male acoustic signals in the Upland Chorus Frog (Pseudacris feriarum)
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Data from: Molecular signatures of selection on reproductive character displacement of flower color in Phlox drummondii
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Data from: Reproductive character displacement shapes a spatially structured petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa
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Data from: Directional mitochondrial introgression and character displacement due to reproductive interference in two closely related Pterostichus ground beetle species
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Data from: Divergence in female damselfly sensory structures is consistent with a species recognition function but shows no evidence of reproductive character displacement
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Rapid colour shift by reproductive character displacement in Cupido butterflies
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Data from: High-dimensional variance partitioning reveals the modular genetic basis of adaptive divergence in gene expression during reproductive character displacement
Although adaptive change is usually associated with complex changes in phenotype, few genetic investigations have been conducted of adaptations that involve sets of high dimensional traits. Microarrays have supplied high-dimensional descriptions of gene expression, and phenotypic change resulting from adaptation often results in large-scale changes in gene expression. We demonstrate how genetic analysis of large-scale changes in gene expression generated during adaptation can be accomplished by determining by high-dimensional variance partitioning within classical genetic experimental designs. A microarray experiment conducted on a panel of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) generated from two populations of Drosophila serrata that have diverged in response to natural selection, revealed genetic divergence in 10.6% of 3762 gene products examined. Over 97% of the genetic divergence in transcript abundance was explained by only 12 genetic modules. The two most important modules, explaining 50% of the genetic variance in transcript abundance, were genetically correlated with the morphological traits that are known to be under selection. The expression of three candidate genes from these two important genetic modules was assessed in an independent experiment using qRT-PCR on 430 individuals from the panel of RILs, and confirmed the genetic association between transcript abundance and morphological traits under selection.
Data from: Inbreeding reveals mode of past selection on male reproductive characters in Drosophila melanogaster
Directional dominance is a prerequisite of inbreeding depression. Directionality arises when selection drives alleles that increase fitness to fixation and eliminates dominant deleterious alleles, while deleterious recessives are hidden from it and maintained at low frequencies. Traits under directional selection (i.e., fitness traits) are expected to show directional dominance and therefore an increased susceptibility to inbreeding depression. In contrast, traits under stabilizing selection or weakly linked to fitness are predicted to exhibit little-to-no inbreeding depression. Here, we quantify the extent of inbreeding depression in a range of male reproductive characters and then infer the mode of past selection on them. The use of transgenic populations of Drosophila melanogaster with red or green fluorescent-tagged sperm heads permitted in vivo discrimination of sperm from competing males and quantification of characteristics of ejaculate composition, performance, and fate. We found that male attractiveness (mating latency) and competitive fertilization success (P2) both show some inbreeding depression, suggesting they may have been under directional selection, whereas sperm length showed no inbreeding depression suggesting a history of stabilizing selection. However, despite having measured several sperm quality and quantity traits, our data did not allow us to discern the mechanism underlying the lowered competitive fertilization success of inbred (f = 0.50) males.
Data set: Reproductive character displacement in genital morphology in Ohomopterus ground beetles
<p>Genital morphology reveals rapid diversification among species, and species-specific divergence in genital morphology may result in reproductive isolation and promote speciation. Natural selection against maladaptive hybridization may cause species-specific genital divergence. In this context, divergence in mating traits is expected to be greater between sympatric populations than between allopatric populations in a pair of species, known as reproductive character displacement (RCD). However, there are few examples of RCD in the genital morphology of closely related species. Additionally, processes leading to RCD have rarely been inferred. In this study, we examined RCD and its underlying mechanisms by focusing on species-specific genital morphologies of closely related <i>Ohomopterus</i>ground beetle species. A morphological analysis showed patterns of RCD in species-specific genital parts in both sexes. Interspecific hybridization was confirmed by a mate choice experiment and by a population genetic analysis indicating extensive interspecific gene flow, suggesting that reinforcement is the most plausible process underlying the observed RCD. We found variation in the degree of displacement in contact zones, which may correspond with the ongoing process of genital evolution and speciation. Our results provide support for the lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution in closely related <i>Ohomopterus </i>species.</p>
Reproductive character displacement and potential underlying drivers in a species-rich and florally diverse lineage of tropical angiosperms (Ruellia; Acanthaceae)
Reproductive character displacement is a pattern whereby sympatric lineages diverge more in reproductive character morphology than allopatric lineages. This pattern has been observed in many plant species, but comparably few have sought to disentangle underlying mechanisms. Here, in a diverse lineage of Neotropical plants (Ruellia; Acanthaceae), we present evidence of reproductive character displacement in a macroevolutionary framework (i.e., among species) and document mechanistic underpinnings. In a series of inter-specific hand pollinations in a controlled glasshouse environment, we found that crosses between species that differed more in overall flower size, particularly in style length, were significantly less likely to produce viable seeds. Further, species pairs that failed to set seed were more likely to have sympatric distributions in nature. Competition for pollinators and reinforcement to avoid costly inter-specific mating could both result in these patterns and are not mutually exclusive processes. Our results add to growing evidence that reproductive character displacement contributes to exceptional floral diversity of angiosperms.
Stable persistence of relict populations involved evolutionary shifts of reproductive characters in the genus Tanakaea (Saxifragaceae)
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Tertiary relicts often show evolutionary stasis in morphology and ecology and have been hypothesised to retain stable population sizes in refugia. However, recent studies have reported that some relicts evolutionarily shifted their physiology, ecology, and morphology and experienced various patterns of demography. To understand the historical survival of relict plants, a multidimensional study investigating the evolution of ecological and morphological traits as well as population demographic history is needed. The g</span><span>enus </span><span><span><em>Tanakaea </em></span></span><span>(Saxifragaceae) comprises two species in China and Japan. These species share most vegetative characteristics and are sometimes treated as a single species. The distribution pattern is relictual, as the populations are confined to small areas in mesic warm temperate forests less influenced by Quaternary glacial climates.</span><span> Focusing on the relictual plant group, this study tested the hypotheses of evolutionary stasis and population stability in long-term refugia. </span><span>Genetic analyses using</span><span><span> </span></span><span>plastome sequences and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed divergence of the two species approximately 6.8 million years ago and strong genetic differentiation of the regional populations. Demographic analysis revealed that almost all populations retained stable population sizes during glacial-interglacial climate changes, supporting the traditional view. However, morphological assessments revealed a simultaneous shift in breeding systems (from </span><span>hermaphrodite</span> <span>to dioecy/non-clonal to clonal reproduction) in Japanese species and intraspecific differentiation of leaf traits. Therefore, the relict species do not show evolutionary stasis in every aspect. Changes in reproductive characteristics may have contributed to their long-term</span><span><span> <em>in situ</em> </span></span><span>survival.</span></p>
Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
Character displacement can reduce costly interspecific interactions between young species. We investigated the mechanisms behind divergence in three key traits - breeding habitat choice, timing of breeding and plumage coloration - in Ficedula flycatchers. We found that male pied flycatchers became expelled from the preferred deciduous habitat into mixed forest as the superior competitor, collared flycatchers, increased in numbers. The peak in food abundance differs between habitats, and the spatial segregation was paralleled by an increased divergence in timing of breeding between the two species. Male pied flycatchers vary from brown to black with brown coloration being more frequent in sympatry with collared flycatchers, a pattern often proposed to result from selection against hybridization, i.e. reinforcement. In contrast to this view, we show that brown male pied flycatchers more often hybridize than black males. Male pied flycatcher plumage coloration influenced the territory obtained in areas of co-occurrence with collared flycatchers, and brown male pied flycatchers experienced higher relative fitness than black males when faced with heterospecific competition. We suggest that allopatric divergence in resource defense ability causes a feedback loop at secondary contact where male pied flycatchers with the most divergent strategy compared to collared flycatchers are favored by selection.
Complexity character scores for fossil and extant vascular plant reproductive structures
<p>Morphological diversity and complexity are notable features of multicellular life, although whether they evolve gradually or in early bursts is unclear. Vascular plant reproductive structures, such as flowers, are familiar examples of complicated morphology, and here we analyze changes in complexity over time using a simple approach based on the number of part types. We find that reproductive complexity increased in two pulses separated by nearly 250 million years of stasis, including an initial Devonian rise with the radiation of vascular plants and a dramatic Late Cretaceous increase reflecting flowering plant diversification. These pulses are associated with innovations that increased functional diversity, suggesting that shifts in complexity are linked to changes in function, regardless of whether they occur early or late in the history of vascular plants.</p>
Stable persistence of relict populations involved evolutionary shifts of reproductive characters in the genus Tanakaea (Saxifragaceae)
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Data from: Using genomic data to revisit a classic example of reproductive character displacement in Haitian Anolis lizards
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