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121 results for “reproductive seasonality”
Fig. 2 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 2. Characteristics of the microhabitat of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PrÓ-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil. Occupied (O) and available (A) coverage microhabitat (Herb: herbaceous stratum; points: average; bars: standard error).
Fig. 1 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 1. Characterization of the study area. Location map of the area, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (left box). Landscape of the study site dominated by herbaceous vegetation (upper right boX. in upper right corner: headQuarters of the RPPN PrÓ-Mata; in lower right corner: forest patch). And view from the wetland's east bank showing the heterogeneity of herbaceous and tree vegetation (bottom right box).
Fig. 6 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 6. Occurrence probability (y-axis) of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) individuals in the Quadrants based on the microhabitat environmental variables (X-aXis) used in the Multinomial Logistic Regression model. Notes: white indicates the condition of individuals occurrence, while the shades of gray indicate the other four available conditions (quadrants) of individuals non-occurrence. A detailed table containing the outcomes is provided in Appendix 1.
Fig. 1 in The seasonal reproductive status of tawny crazy ant queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida
Fig. 1. Ovaries dissected from Nylanderia fulva queens. (A) Ovary rated as a "2" (1–10 eggs) where the spermatheca is present. (B) Ovary rating of "4" (> 50 eggs).
Fig. 2 in The seasonal reproductive status of tawny crazy ant queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida
Fig. 2. Percent frequency of Nylanderia fulva queens with specified ovary ratings: 1 = 0 eggs; 2 = 1 to 10 eggs; 3 = 10 to 50 eggs; 4 => 50 eggs. (A) among seasons (winter: Dec–Feb, n = 155; spring: Mar–May, n = 90; summer: Jun–Aug, n = 150; fall: Sep–Nov, n = 126), and (B) between uninseminated (n = 65) and inseminated (n = 456) queens over all seasons.
Data for: Wild microbiomes of striped plateau lizards vary with sex, body size, and reproductive season
<p><span><span>Long-term natural studies are valuable for examining the effects of host demographics and environmental factors on animal microbiomes, and how those effects interact and shift over time. We examined how the cloacal microbiome of Sceloporus virgatus (the striped plateau lizard) varies under natural conditions in southeastern Arizona, USA, in a multi-year study</span><span>. Cloacal swabs were collected from wild-caught lizards across their entire active season over three years. Analyses of 16S rRNA data generated on the Illumina platform revealed cloacal microbiomes of </span><span>S. virgatus </span><span>vary as a function of sex, season, size, and reproductive state, and do so independently of one another. Briefly, microbial diversity was higher in females than in males, increased with body size, was lowest in both sexes during the reproductive season, and was lowest in females when they were vitellogenic. It was not significantly affected by hibernation. This study highlights the importance of long term, wide scale microbiome studies for capturing accurate perspectives on microbiome diversity and composition in a given species. It also serves as a warning for comparisons of microbiomes across species, as each may be under a different suite of selective pressures from external or innate factors, which may differ in a species-specific manner.</span></span></p>
Size-associated energetic constraints on the seasonal onset of reproduction in a species with indeterminate growth
<p>The seasonal onset of reproduction is constrained in many systems by a need to first accumulate energetic reserves. Consequently, the observation that larger individuals reproduce earlier may be due to a negative relationship between size and mass-specific basal metabolic rate that is shared across diverse taxa. However, an untested prediction of this hypothesis is that individuals should be metabolically efficient enough to escape energetic constraints above a certain size threshold. Seasonally reproducing species, such as temperate fishes, that must recover winter energy losses before reproduction and exhibit indeterminate growth are ideal models to test this prediction. We harness decade-long behavioral data on parental male smallmouth bass, <em>Micropterus dolomieu</em>, to investigate contributions of energetic allometry to differences in reproductive timing. At the population level, peak seasonal reproductive timing (i.e., the median date on which eggs were found in nests each year) was negatively related to degree days–a measure of thermal energy experienced–before reproduction. At the individual level, degree days accumulated by males before reproduction was related to male size and condition in every year, but the impact of temperature on reproductive timing by the largest males was relaxed in most years. Additionally, we used our data to replicate the analyses of two previous studies of <em>M. dolomieu</em> populations and found virtually identical negative associations between male body size and degree days accumulated before reproduction. Our results suggest that in smallmouth bass the onset of seasonal reproduction is constrained by basal metabolic rate–as indicated by total length–and that large individuals can escape size-associated energetic constraints. We reveal a more complicated relationship between size and reproductive timing than earlier studies, which may be relevant for many species. Knowledge of this relationship is critical to understanding how a changing climate will influence population dynamics of economically, ecologically, and recreationally important species like <em>M. dolomieu</em>.</p>
Quantifying direct and indirect effects of early-season herbivory on reproduction across four brassicaceous plant species
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Data for: Wild microbiomes of striped plateau lizards vary with sex, body size, and reproductive season
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Size-associated energetic constraints on the seasonal onset of reproduction in a species with indeterminate growth
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Data from: Among-individual and within-individual variation in seasonal migration covaries with subsequent reproductive success in a partially-migratory bird
<p>Within-individual and among-individual variation in expression of key environmentally-sensitive traits, and associated variation in fitness components occurring within and between years, determine the extents of phenotypic plasticity and selection and shape population responses to changing environments. Reversible seasonal migration is one key trait that directly mediates spatial escape from seasonally-deteriorating environments, causing spatio-seasonal population dynamics. Yet, within-individual and among-individual variation in seasonal migration versus year-round residence, and dynamic associations with subsequent reproductive success, have not been fully quantified. We used novel capture-mark-recapture mixture models to assign individual European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to 'resident, 'early migrant' or 'late migrant' strategies in two consecutive years, using year-round local resightings. We demonstrate substantial among-individual variation in strategy within years, and directional within-individual change between years. Further, subsequent reproductive success varied substantially among strategies, and relationships differed between years; residents and late migrants had highest success in the two years respectively, matching the years in which these strategies were most frequently expressed. These results imply that migratory strategies can experience fluctuating reproductive selection, and that flexible expression of migration can be partially aligned with reproductive outcomes. Plastic seasonal migration could then potentially contribute to adaptive population responses to currently changing forms of environmental seasonality.</p>
Data from: Patterns of annual and seasonal immune investment in a temporal reproductive opportunist
Historically, investigations of how organismal investments in immunity fluctuate in response to environmental and physiological changes have focused on seasonally breeding organisms that confine reproduction to seasons with mild environmental conditions and abundant resources. The red crossbill, <i>Loxia curvirostra</i>, is a songbird that can breed opportunistically if conifer seeds are abundant, on both short, cold, and long, warm days, providing an ideal system to investigate interactions between immunity, reproduction, and environmental fluctuations. In this study, we measured inter- and intra-annual variation in complement, natural antibodies, PIT54, and leukocytes in crossbills across four summers (2010-2013) and multiple seasons within one year (summer 2011-spring 2012). Overall, we observed substantial changes in crossbill immune investment among summers, with interannual variation driven largely by food resources, while seasonal variation was less pronounced and lacked a dominant predictor of immune investment. However, we found weak evidence that physiological processes (e.g., reproductive condition, moult) or abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation) affect immune investment. Collectively, this study suggests that a reproductively flexible organism may simultaneously invest in both reproduction and survival-related processes, potentially by exploiting rich patches with abundant resources. More broadly, these results emphasize the need for more longitudinal studies of trade-offs associated with immune investment.
Data from: Causes of seasonal decline in reproduction of the cooperatively-breeding acorn woodpecker
Clutch size and reproductive success decline seasonally in a wide range of temperate avian taxa. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain such declines: the "timing" hypothesis, which states that conditions affecting reproduction decline intrinsically with date, and the "quality" hypothesis, which proposes that high-quality individuals or individuals in high-quality situations breed earlier. We contrasted the relative importance of these two hypotheses using a long-term dataset of the cooperatively-breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) in central coastal California (USA). This population exhibits an 11% seasonal decline in clutch size, a 60% seasonal decline in fledging success, and a 77% seasonal decline in fledgling overwinter survival. Clutch size tracks seasonal availability of flying insects, which are a likely ecological driver of the seasonal decline in reproduction and, because of the nonlinear relationship of flying insects with date, constitute a likely factor constraining even earlier nesting. By parsing lay date data into within-female and between-female components, we found that only the within-female component had a statistically significant direct effect on clutch size, supporting the timing hypothesis. For both fledging success and overwinter survival, however, both within- and between-female effects were highly significant, with between-female effects (differences in female quality) being stronger than within-female effects. These results suggest that timing per se is a key factor affecting the seasonal decline in clutch size, but that both differences in female quality and an intrinsic seasonal decline in conditions drive the even more dramatic seasonal declines in fledging success and overwinter survivorship of fledglings.
Data from: Carry-over effects of seasonal migration on reproductive success through breeding site retention in a partially migratory bird
<p>Understanding the maintenance and dynamics of phenotypic polymorphisms requires unpicking key ecological mechanisms shaping the fitness costs and benefits of expressing alternative phenotypes, generating selection. Seasonal migration versus year-round residence expressed in partially migratory populations represents one common polymorphism that can experience strong selection through differential reproductive success. Yet, key hypothesised pathways that could generate such selection remain to be empirically tested.</p> <p>One hypothesis is that migratory tactics affect subsequent reproductive success through carry-over effects on breeding site retention and resulting breeding dispersal. By remaining in breeding areas all year round, residents could retain their preferred breeding site between years, and consequently have higher reproductive success. Conversely, migrants that escape harsh non-breeding season conditions could return in better condition, with high resource holding potential, and outcompete residents to retain their site. Such effects could further depend on migration timing and vary between years. Yet, such pathways have not been quantified, precluding empirical parameterisation of partial migration theory. </p> <p>We used four years of breeding and non-breeding season data from partially migratory European shags (<em>Gulosus aristotelis</em>) to test whether the three most frequent migratory tactics in this population (full resident, early migrant departing soon after breeding, and late migrant departing in late autumn) differed in their breeding site retention; whether site retention predicted reproductive success; and hence whether effects of migratory tactic on reproductive success were explicable through site retention.</p> <p>Overall, residents were much more likely to retain their breeding site between years than both early and late migrants, and site retention was associated with increased reproductive success. Yet, these effects varied somewhat among years: late migrants were always least likely to retain their site but had variable relative reproductive success. Path analyses revealed that effects of migratory tactic on reproductive success were only partly attributable to breeding site retention.</p> <p>These results indicate that multiple mechanisms underlie reproductive selection on migratory tactics, potentially contributing to maintaining behavioural polymorphisms. Yet, the clear associations between migratory tactics and local breeding dispersal reveal that these movements can be strongly interlinked across seasons, shaping overall spatio-seasonal dynamics in partially migratory systems.</p>
Fish resist temptation from junk food: State-dependent diet choice in reproductive Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing seasonal fluxes of lipid-rich prey
<p>In ecological sciences, animal diets are often simplified to "resources" or "caloric quantities". However, in the present study, we investigated the optimal foraging strategy of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) when both macro- and micro-nutritional requirements are accounted for. Proteins cannot be synthesized from fatty acids, so the proteins for gonad development must come from other dietary sources. In addition, micronutrients are required in smaller quantities. For example, for cod, arachidonic acid (ARA) acts as a micronutrient precursor for prostaglandins, which is important for reproduction. We formulated a dynamic state-dependent model to make predictions about optimal diet choice and foraging behavior. We applied the model to a case study in the strait between Denmark and Sweden. The model predicted that energy acquired from dietary protein should be twice that acquired from lipids, with a small increase in the lipid requirements when gonads are growing. The model also predicted that the "energy sparing effect of lipids" made it beneficial to engage in risky foraging activity to supplement a lean diet with a little bit of fat. When we re-constructing the model to also optimize ARA uptake, the cod consumed relatively more ARA-rich crabs in the months prior to spawning, despite the otherwise poor energetic value of this prey. In support of the model predictions, field observations indicated that lipid stores reached a peak shortly after the arrival of the lipid-rich migrating herring and the fatty acid signal of these herring were evident in the liver of nearly all cod. Three month later, only half of the cod contained the herring-derived fatty acid signal, supporting the predicted shift in prey type prior to spawning. From these model predictions and field observations, we conclude that, also in the wild, nutritional requirements can be at least as important as pure energy acquisition.</p>
Dataset for: 'Influence of seasonal temperature fluctuation on successful reproduction of the Gorongosa girdled lizard (Smaug mossambicus)' - Baker and Jones
<p>Datasets for recreating figures in 'Influence of seasonal temperature fluctuation on successful reproduction of the Gorongosa girdled lizard (<em>Smaug mossambicus)' </em>, and an accompanying R script. </p> <p> </p>
Data for: The interplay of environmental cues and wood density in the vegetative and reproductive phenology of seasonally dry tropical forest trees
<p>The great phenological diversification characteristic of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) suggests that these patterns result from a complex interplay between exogenous (e.g., climatic) and endogenous (e.g., morphological, physiological, anatomical) factors. Based on the well-established relationships of wood density with water-storing capacity and cavitation vulnerability in woody plants, we hypothesized differential vegetative and reproductive phenological responses to environmental cues for hardwood and softwood species. To test this hypothesis, we compared phenological patterns of pairs of conspecific populations of 10 species differing in wood density, occurring in two localities with slightly different climatic regimes, and evaluated the influence of three environmental variables (rainfall, photoperiod, temperature) on them. Our results, based on the assessment of the overlap of the phenological curves of conspecific populations occurring in different sites and on linear modeling, showed different effects of the environmental factors on phenophase attributes, depending on wood density of the study species, thus supporting our hypothesis. Leaf out in softwood species took place in the dry season, they shed the foliage at the first signs of drought, and once leafless, they flowered and fruited shortly after. By contrast, hardwood species bore leaves and flowers in the rainy season, shed their leaves several months after the rain ceased, and produced fruits during the dry season. We conclude that the role of environmental variables in cueing growth and reproduction cycles in SDTF tree species is interrelated with their wood density, a key endogenous factor crucially linked to plant hydraulics in these water-limited ecosystems.</p>
Data from: High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
<p>Predators attack conspicuous prey phenotypes that are present in the environment. Male display behaviour of conspicuous nuptial colouration becomes risky in the presence of a predator, and adult males face higher predation risk. High predation risk in one sex will lead to low survival and sex ratio bias in adult cohorts, unless the increased predation risk is compensated by higher escape rate. </p> <p>Here, we tested the hypothesis that sand lizards (<em>Lacerta</em> <em>agilis</em>) have sex-specific predation risk and escape rate. We expected the differences to manifest in changes in sex ratio with age, differences in frequency of tail autotomy, and in sex-specific survival rate.</p> <p>We developed a statistical model to estimate predation risk and escape rate, combining the observed sex ratio and frequency of tail autotomy with likelihood-based survival rate. Using a Bayesian framework, we estimated the model parameters. We projected the date of the tail autotomy events from growth rates derived from capture-recapture data measurements.</p> <p>We found statistically stable sex ratio in age groups, equal frequency of tail regenerates between sexes, and similar survival rate. Predation risk is similar between sexes, and escape rate increases survival by about 5%. We found low survival rate and a low number of tail autotomy events in females during months when sand lizards mate and lay eggs, indicating high predator pressure throughout reproduction. Our data show that gravid females fail to escape predation. </p> <p>The risks of reproduction season in an ectotherm are a convolution of morphological changes (conspicuous colouration in males, body allometry changes in gravid females), behaviour (nuptial displays), and environmental conditions which challenge lizard thermal performance. Performance of endotherm predators in cold spring months endangers gravid females more than displaying males in bright nuptial colouration. </p>
Population density does not affect seasonal regulation of reproductive physiology in male water voles
<p>Most small rodent species display cyclic fluctuations in their population density. The mechanisms behind these cyclical variations are not yet clearly understood. Density-dependent effects on reproductive function could affect these population variations. The fossorial water vole ecotype, Arvicola terrestris, undergoes a multi-year cycle dynamic with outbreak peaks. Here, we monitored different water vole populations over three years, in spring and autumn, to evaluate whether population density be related to male reproductive physiology. Our results show an effect of season and inter-annual factors in testes mass, plasmatic testosterone level, and androgen-dependent seminal vesicles mass. By contrast, population density does not affect any of these parameters, thus suggesting a lack of modulation of population dynamics of population density.</p>
Figure 8 in Non-seasonal reproduction in inseminating species of Mimagoniates (Characidae, Characiformes) from southern Brazil
Figure 8. Distribution of the relative frequencies of oocyte diameter in mature ovaries in Mimagoniates rheocharis from site 2 in Maquiné, RS, Brazil, between January 1998 and February 1999.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.