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188 results for “reproductive strategy”
Fig. 1 in The opportunistic feeding and reproduction strategies of the annual fish Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) inhabiting ephemeral habitats on southern Brazil
Fig. 1. Map of study area showing sampling location for Cynopoecilus melanotaenia between the São Gonçalo channel and Pelotas stream, State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.
Fig. 4 in The opportunistic feeding and reproduction strategies of the annual fish Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) inhabiting ephemeral habitats on southern Brazil
Fig. 4. Linear regressions between total length (TL) and total weight (TW) of males (open symbol, dotted line) and females (black symbol, solid line) of Cynopoecilus melanotaenia from wetlands between São Gonçalo channel and Pelotas stream, during May and June 2005, and September 2006. ln (TW) = 2.63 ln (TL) - males 10.41, R2 = 0.82; ln (TW) = 3.92 ln (TL) - 14.49, R2 = 0.87.
Fig. 2 in Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization
Fig. 2. Scanning Electron Micrography of an oocyte of Compsura heterura from an ovary critical-point dried and crushed with a needle on a stub, showing the spermatozoa observed over an oocyte (a), and an amplified image of these spermatozoa (b).
Fig. 6 in Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization
Fig. 6. Distribution of the absolute frequencies of the standard lengths of females of Odontostilbe pequira in the first (September/October) and second (January/February) reproductive periods.
Fig. 1 in Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization
Fig. 1. Histology of ovaries of Compsura heterura at different stages of maturation: maturing (a, b), mature (c, d) and semispent (e, f). Black arrow - follicular cells, EZ and white arrow - spermatozoa, FV - post-ovulatory follicles, M - micropile, N - nucleus, NU - nucleolus, OR - early primary growth oocytes, PV - Previtellogenic oocytes, V - vitellogenic oocyte, ZR - radiate zone. Magnification 10x (a, e), 20x (b, c), 100x (d, f).
Fig. 3 in Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization
Fig. 3. Histology of testis of Compsura heterura (a, c, d) and Odontostilbe pequira (b) at different stages of maturation: immature (a), maturing (b, c, d) mature (e, f). Arrow - cell division, C - spermatocytes, C1 - primary spermatogonia, C2 - secondary spermatogonia, ET - spermatids, EZ - spermatozoa, G - spermatogonia. Magnification 40x (a, c), 100x (b, d), 20x (e, f).
Fig. 7 in Reproductive period, fecundity and histology of gonads of two cheirodontines (Ostariophysi: Characidae) with different reproductive strategies - insemination and external fertilization
Fig. 7. Relation between absolute fecundity and standard length of females of Compsura heterura (a), from rio Ceará- Mirim, RN, and of Odontostilbe pequira (b) from rio Ibicuí- Mirim, RS.
Data for: The association between personalities, alternative breeding strategies, and reproductive success in dunnocks
<p>Although consistent between-individual differences in behaviour (i.e. animal personality) are ubiquitous in natural populations, relatively few studies have examined how personalities influence the formation of social relationships. Yet, behavioural characteristics of both sexes might be key when it comes to pair-bond formation, and the cooperation with partners to successfully rear offspring. We here use a wild population of dunnocks (<i>Prunella modularis</i>) to first investigate whether individuals mate non-randomly (i.e. assortative mating) with regard to four behavioural traits – flight-initiation distance (FID), provisioning, activity, and vigilance – that differ in repeatability and have previously been associated with mating patterns and fitness in other species. Second, we test whether an individual's FID is associated with variability in the dunnocks' mating system (i.e. monogamous pairs vs. polygamous groups). Finally, we determine whether FID and provisioning of males and females associate with their reproductive success. We found no statistical support for assortative mating in FID between males and females. Interestingly, in polygamous groups, co-breeding males differed in their FIDs with dominant alpha-males having significantly shorter FIDs compared to subordinate beta-males. Moreover, there was evidence for assortative mating in provisioning for alpha-males and females in polygamous groups. We also found that male provisioning influenced reproductive success of both sexes, while female provisioning rates only positively correlated with her own but not their partner(s) reproductive output. Our results suggest that personality differences may have important implications for social relationships, the emergence of different mating patterns and ultimately reproductive success within populations.</p>
To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies
<p><span><span>Reproductive strategies are defined by a combination of behavioural, morphological, and life-history traits. Reproductive investment and offspring propagule size are two key traits defining reproductive strategies. While a substantial amount of work has been devoted to understanding the independent fitness effects of each of these traits, it remains unclear how coevolution between them ultimately affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, and how this might influence the relationship between dispersal and environmental factors. In this study, we explore how the evolution of reproductive strategies defined by these two coevolving traits is influenced by resource availability and spatial structuring of the environment using a simulation model. We find three possible equilibrium strategies across all scenarios: a competitor strategy with high reproductive investment (producing large propagules which disperse short distances), and two coloniser strategies differing in reproductive investment (both producing small propagules which disperse long distances). The possible equilibrium strategies for each scenario depended on starting conditions, spatial structure and resource availability. Evolutionary transitions between these equilibrium strategies were more likely in heterogeneous than homogeneous landscapes and at higher resource levels. Transition from coloniser strategy to competitor strategy was usually a two-step process, with changes in propagule size following initial evolution in investment. This highlights how the interaction between the two trait axes affects the evolution of reproductive strategies, particularly where fitness valleys preclude the simultaneous evolution of traits. Our results highlight the need to incorporate trait coevolution into evolutionary models to help develop a more integrative understanding of the structure of natural populations and how the interaction between traits constrains or hinders evolutionary processes.</span></span></p>
To disperse or compete? Coevolution of traits leads to a limited number of reproductive strategies
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Data for: The association between personalities, alternative breeding strategies, and reproductive success in dunnocks
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Data from: Longevity, body dimension and reproductive mode drive differences in aquatic versus terrestrial life history strategies
<p>1. Aquatic and terrestrial environments display stark differences in key environmental factors and phylogenetic composition but their consequences for the evolution of species' life history strategies remain poorly understood.</p> <p>2. Here, we examine whether and how life history strategies vary between terrestrial and aquatic species. We use demographic information for 685 terrestrial and 122 aquatic animal and plant species to estimate key life history traits. We then use phylogenetically corrected least squares regression to explore potential differences in trade-offs between life history traits between both environments. We contrast life history strategies of aquatic vs. terrestrial species in a principal component analysis while accounting for body dimensions and phylogenetic relationships.</p> <p>3. Our results show that the same trade-offs structure terrestrial and aquatic life histories, resulting in two dominant axes of variation that describe species' pace-of-life and reproductive strategies. Terrestrial plants display a large diversity of strategies, including the longest-lived species in this study. Aquatic animals exhibit higher reproductive frequency than terrestrial animals. When correcting for body size, mobile and sessile terrestrial organisms show slower paces of life than aquatic ones.</p> <p>4. Aquatic and terrestrial species are ruled by the same life history trade-offs, but have evolved different strategies, likely due to distinct environmental selective pressures. Such contrasting life history strategies have important consequences for the conservation and management of aquatic and terrestrial species.</p>
Data from: Geographic patterns in colonial reproductive strategy in Myrmecina nipponica: links between biogeography and a key polymorphism in ants
<p>The ability to express different phenotypes can help define species distributions by allowing access to, and exploitation of, new environments. Social insects employ two markedly different reproductive strategies with contrasting cost/benefit characteristics: independent colony foundation (ICF), which is associated with high dispersal range and high risk, and dependent colony foundation (DCF), characterized by low risk but low dispersal. The ant <i>Myrmecina nipponica</i> employs both of these strategies, with the frequency of each apparently varying between populations. We combine molecular data with data on reproductive strategy from different populations of this species throughout Japan to explore how this polymorphism is linked to environmental factors and if this relationship can help explain the current and historical biogeography of this species. Reproductive strategy exhibited a strong geographic pattern, with ICF predominant in southern populations and DCF more common in northern and southern highland populations. Molecular analyses clearly divided populations into broad geographic regions, with the southern-lowland populations basal to (southern-highland (+ northern)) populations. Intra-population polymorphism in colony founding strategy was widespread, and polymorphism was reconstructed as the likely ancestral state. The frequency of different strategies was linked with climate, with DCF more common in colder areas. A recent inferred origin to the northern lineage suggests that colonization of northern Japan was a rapid event coincident with warming at the end of the last glacial maxima, likely facilitated by the cold-adaptive advantages of DCF. We discuss how such polymorphisms could help explain the biogeography of this and other social insects.</p>
Data from: Juvenile social dynamics reflect adult reproductive strategies in bottlenose dolphins
The juvenile period is a challenging life history stage, especially in species with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, such as bottlenose dolphins, where maternal protection is virtually absent. Here, we examined how juvenile male and female bottlenose dolphins navigate this vulnerable period. Specifically, we examined their grouping patterns, activity budget, network dynamics, and social associations in the absence of adults. We found that juveniles live in highly dynamic groups, with group composition changing every 10 minutes on average. Groups were generally segregated by sex, and segregation was driven by same-sex preference rather than opposite-sex avoidance. Juveniles formed strong associations with select individuals, especially kin and same-sex partners, and both sexes formed cliques with their preferred partners. Sex-specific strategies in the juvenile period reflected adult reproductive strategies, in which the exploration of potential social partners may be more important for males (which form long-term alliances in adulthood) than females (which preferentially associate with kin in adulthood). Females spent more time alone and were more focused on foraging than males, but still formed close same-sex associations, especially with kin. Males cast a wider social net than females, with strong same-sex associations and many male associates. Males engaged in more affiliative behavior than females. These results are consistent with the social bonds and skills hypothesis and suggest that delayed sexual maturity in species with relational social complexity may allow individuals to assess potential associates and explore a complex social landscape without the risks associated with sexual maturity (e.g. adult reproductive competition; inbreeding).
Data from: Deer indirectly alter the reproductive strategy and operational sex ratio of an unpalatable forest perennial
Environmental conditions impose restrictions and costs on reproduction. Multiple reproductive options exist when increased reproductive costs drive plant populations toward alternative reproductive strategies. Using four years of demographic data across a deer impact gradient, where deer alter the abiotic environment, we parameterize a size-dependent integral projection model for a sexually labile and unpalatable forest perennial to investigate the demographic processes driving differentiation in the operational sex ratio (OSR) of local populations. In addition to a relative increase in asexual reproduction, our results illustrate that non-trophic indirect effects by overabundant deer on this perennial result in delayed female sex expression to unsustainably large plant sizes and leads to more pronounced plant shrinkage following female sex expression, effectively increasing the cost of reproduction. Among plants of reproductive age, increased deer impact decreases the size-dependent probability of flowering and reduces reproductive consistency over time. This pattern in sex expression skews populations toward female-biased OSRs at low deer impact sites and male-biased OSRs at intermediate and high deer impact sites. While this shift toward a male-biased OSR may ameliorate pollen limitation, it also decreases the effective population size when coupled with increased asexual reproduction. The divergence of reproductive strategies and reduced lifetime fitness in response to indirect deer impacts illustrate the persistent long-term effects of overabundant herbivores on unpalatable understory perennials.
Digging for Decision Trees: A Case Study in Strategy Sampling and Learning (experimental reproduction package)
<p>This artifact permits to reproduce the experimental results obtained with the techniques and algorithms presented in the article "Digging for Decision Trees: A Case Study in Strategy Sampling and Learning" by Carlos E. Budde, Pedro R. D'Argenio, and Arnd Hartmanns (2024).</p> <p>The contents include all data and software (formal models, software tools, Python & bash scripts) used in the experimental evaluation presented in §7 of the article. Detailed instructions on how to reproduce the results are bundled in the artifact. Execution has been tested in the Virtual Machine available at https://zenodo.org/records/7113223.</p> <p> </p>
Reproductive strategies affect telomere dynamics across the life course
<p>Because parental care has a heritable basis, the benefits of receiving increased parental provisioning early in life are genetically linked to the costs of providing increased parental provisioning at adulthood. Reproductive strategies thus result in distinct cost-benefit syndromes across the life course that may shape individual health and ageing trajectories. Here we used an artificial selection approach in Japanese quail (<em>Coturnix japonica</em>) to test how reproductive strategies affect telomere length, a biomarker of somatic state, at different life stages. We show that males, but not females, from lines selected for low maternal investment (i.e. developing in a relatively small egg) had shorter telomeres at birth. These patterns were still weakly present at the end of the juvenile growth period. In contrast, significantly shorter telomeres were found in reproductively active adult birds from the high investment lines, suggesting that telomere attrition was accelerated in these individuals once they had become reproductively active. Our study shows that reproductive strategies differentially affect telomere dynamics across the life course, highlighting the role of cross-generational constraints in shaping individual ageing trajectories. </p>
Evolution of a novel female reproductive strategy in Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to long term protein restriction
<p>Reproductive output is often constrained by availability of macronutrients, especially protein. Long term protein restriction, therefore, is expected to select for traits maximizing reproduction even under nutritional challenge. We subjected four replicate populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to a complete deprivation of yeast supplement, thereby mimicking a protein restricted ecology. Following 24 generations, compared to their matched controls, females from experimental populations showed increased reproductive output early in life, both in presence and absence of yeast supplement. The observed increase in reproductive output was without associated alterations in egg size, development time, pre-adult survivorship, body mass at eclosion, and lifespan of the females. Further, selection was ineffective on lifelong cumulative fecundity. However, females from experiment regime were found to have a significantly faster rate of reproductive senescence following the attainment of the reproductive peak early in life. Therefore, adaptation to yeast deprivation ecology in our study involved a novel reproductive strategy whereby females attained higher reproductive output early in life followed by faster reproductive aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the cleanest demonstration of optimization of fitness by fine tuning of reproductive schedule during adaptation to a prolonged nutritional deprivation.</p>
Fig. 4 in Reproductive strategies of the parasitic flatworm Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) infecting the European catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758
Fig. 4. Average hatching rates of T. vistulensis larvae.
Fig. 5 in Reproductive strategies of the parasitic flatworm Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) infecting the European catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758
Fig. 5. Average in vitro survival rates of T. vistulensis at different life stages.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.