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482 results for “reward”
Post-hypnotic Suggestions of Safety and Neuronal Signals of Reward Sensitivity
<p>We tested 24 highly suggestible participants in two experimental conditions in an EEG study. In the beginning of the experiment, all participants were hypnotized and suggested to feel safe. The feeling of safety was associated with a post-hypnotic trigger that elicits the feeling of safety afterwards. After the termination of the hypnotic state, participants completed two experimental conditions in balanced order. In the safety condition, participants used the post-hypnotic trigger of safety and played a risk game where they could win monetary rewards. In the control condition, participants used a control trigger and played the same risk game. In a follow-up survey, we asked participants if the post-hypnotic trigger of safety still worked.</p> <p>EEG data were recorded with Brain Vision Recorder and analyzed with Matlab and EEGlab. All data were analyzed with R.</p> <p>The results are published here:</p> <p>Boehmer, J., & Schmidt, B. (2022). Safety on demand: Post-hypnotic suggestions of safety reduce neural signals of reward sensitivity with long-term beneficial effects. <em>Psychophysiology </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14015">https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14015</a></p>
Silencing of hippocampal synaptic transmission impairs spatial reward search on a head-fixed tactile treadmill task
<p>Publication data</p> <p>This repository contains the raw data files for the following manuscript:</p> <p>Title: Silencing of hippocampal synaptic transmission impairs spatial reward search on a head-fixed tactile treadmill task<br> Authors: Jake T. Jordan and J. Tiago Gonçalves<br> Pre-print in bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458092 (2021)</p> <p>A summary of all experimental groups and data tables and included as two Excel (.xlsx) files: DREADDs_Cued.xlsl and DREADDs_Spatial.xlsl, these correspond to figures 2 and 3 of the publication, respectively.</p> <p>The raw data files were acquired as described in Jordan et al. (2021a) doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100770 <br> Software code for data acquisition and interpretation is available at doi:10.5281/zenodo.5196612</p>
Spontaneous behaviour is structured by reinforcement without explicit reward
<p><strong>Spontaneous behaviour is structured by reinforcement without explicit reward</strong></p> <p>Repository containing datasets obtained for Markowitz, Gillis, Jay et al. 2023 Nature <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05611-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05611-2</a></p> <p>Github link to related analysis code: <a href="https://github.com/dattalab/dopamine-reinforces-spontaneous-behavior">https://github.com/dattalab/dopamine-reinforces-spontaneous-behavior</a></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Spontaneous animal behaviour is built from action modules that are concatenated by the brain into sequences. However, the neural mechanisms that guide the composition of naturalistic, self-motivated behaviour remain unknown. Here we show that dopamine systematically fluctuates in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) as mice spontaneously express sub-second behavioural modules, despite the absence of task structure, sensory cues or exogenous reward. Photometric recordings and calibrated closed-loop optogenetic manipulations during open field behaviour demonstrate that DLS dopamine fluctuations increase sequence variation over seconds, reinforce the use of associated behavioural modules over minutes, and modulate the vigour with which modules are expressed, without directly influencing movement initiation or moment-to-moment kinematics. Although the reinforcing effects of optogenetic DLS dopamine manipulations vary across behavioural modules and individual mice, these differences are well predicted by observed variation in the relationships between endogenous dopamine and module use. Consistent with the possibility that DLS dopamine fluctuations act as a teaching signal, mice build sequences during exploration as if to maximize dopamine. Together, these findings suggest a model in which the same circuits and computations that govern action choices in structured tasks have a key role in sculpting the content of unconstrained, high-dimensional, spontaneous behaviour.</p>
Data from: Dynamic balancing of risks and rewards in a large herbivore: Further extending predator-prey concepts to road ecology
<p>Animal behavior is shaped by the ability to identify risks and profitably balance the levels of risks encountered with the payoffs experienced. Anthropogenic disturbances like roads generate novel risks and opportunities that wildlife must accurately perceive and respond to. Basic concepts in predator-prey ecology are often used to understand responses of animals to roads (e.g., increased vigilance, selection for cover in their vicinity). However, prey often display complex behaviors such as modulating space use given varying risks and rewards, and it is unclear if such dynamic balancing is used by animals in the context of road crossings.</p> <p>We tested whether animals dynamically balance risks and rewards relative to roads using extensive field -based and GPS collar data from elk in Yoho National Park (British Columbia, Canada) where a major highway completely bisects their range during most of the year.</p> <p>We analyzed elk behavior by combining hidden Markov movement models with a step-selection function framework. Rewards were indexed by a dynamic map of available forage biomass and risks were indexed by road crossings and traffic volumes.</p> <p>We found that elk generally selected intermediate and high forage biomass and avoided crossing the road. Most of the time, elk modulated their behavior given varying risks and rewards. When crossing the highway compared with not crossing, elk selected for greater forage biomass and this selection was stronger as the number of highway crossings increased. However, with traffic volume, elk only balanced foraging rewards when they crossed a single time during a travel sequence.</p> <p>Using a road ecology system, we empirically tested an important component of predator-prey ecology – the ability to dynamically modulate behavior in response to varying levels of risks and rewards. Such a test articulates how decision-making processes that consider the spatiotemporal variation in risks and rewards allow animals to successfully and profitably navigate busy roads. Applying well-developed concepts in predator-prey theory helps understand how animals respond to anthropogenic disturbances and anticipate the adaptive capacity for individuals and populations to adjust to rapidly changing environments.</p>
Data from: Predictions about reward outcomes in rhesus monkeys
<p>Human infants and nonhuman animals respond to surprising events by looking longer at unexpected-than-expected situations. These looking responses provide core cognitive evidence that nonverbal minds make predictions about possible outcomes and detect when these predictions fail to match reality. We propose that this phenomenon has crucial parallels with the processes of reward prediction error, indexing the difference between expected and actual reward outcomes. Most work on reward prediction errors to date involves neurobiological techniques that cannot be implemented in many relevant populations, so we developed a novel behavioral task to assess monkeys' predictions about reward outcomes using looking time responses. In Study 1, we tested how semi-free-ranging monkeys (n = 210) responded to positive error (more rewards than expected), negative error (less rewards than expected), and number control. We found that monkeys looked longer at a given reward when it was unexpectedly large or small, compared to when the same quantity was expected. In Study 2, we compared responses in the positive error condition in monkeys ranging from infancy to old age (n = 363), to assess lifespan changes in sensitivity to reward predictions. We found that adolescent monkeys showed heightened responses to unexpected rewards, similar to patterns seen in humans, but showed no changes during aging. These results suggest that monkeys' looking responses can be used to track their predictions about rewards and that monkeys share some developmental signatures of reward sensitivity with humans, providing a new approach to accessing cognitive processes underlying reward-based decision-making.</p>
Data from: Learning the sound inventory of a complex vocal skill via an intrinsic reward
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Data from: Dynamic changes in chloride homeostasis coordinate midbrain inhibitory network activity during reward learning
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Autistic traits relate to reduced reward sensitivity in learning from social point-light displays (PLDs)
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Data from: Predictions about reward outcomes in rhesus monkeys
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Data from: Dynamic balancing of risks and rewards in a large herbivore: Further extending predator-prey concepts to road ecology
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Data from: Neural interactions in the human frontal cortex dissociate reward and punishment learning
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Data from: Movement-integrated habitat selection reveals wolves balance ease of travel with human avoidance in a risk-reward trade-off
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Reinstated episodic context guides sampling-based decisions for reward
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Data from: Balancing risk and reward: mating opportunity influences thermal refuge use in fiddler crabs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Behavioural thermoregulation can ameliorate thermal stress but is costly. For species that court in a thermally stressful microhabitat, sexual selection via endurance rivalry favours individuals that are able and willing to endure harsh conditions in the courtship habitat, as retreats to a thermal refuge will reduce mating opportunities. The relative costs and benefits of refuge use versus continued courtship in the face of thermal risk, which vary across abiotic and biotic contexts, determine the optimal behavioural strategy. We examined the social and abiotic factors driving behavioural decisions related to thermoregulatory retreat in the fiddler crab <i>Austruca mjoebergi</i>. Male fiddler crabs perform a courtship display on the thermally stressful intertidal sediment surface. Time on the surface, and thus time available for display, was limited by high temperatures; as temperature increased, surface time decreased. Yet when presented with a stimulus female, males were more likely to perform the courtship display, displayed at a higher rate and increased time spent on the surface. These results demonstrate that behavioural<i> </i>decisions related to thermal retreat depend both on the abiotic conditions that influence the degree of thermal stress and on the social conditions that influence the reproductive prospects of the individual.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances learning of cue-reward contingency
<p>The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections. We measured BLA ACh signaling and activity of neurons expressing CaMKIIα (a marker for glutamatergic principal cells) in mice during cue-reward learning using a fluorescent ACh sensor and calcium indicators. We found that ACh levels and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic terminal activity in the BLA (NBM-BLA) increased sharply in response to reward-related events and shifted as mice learned the cue-reward contingency. BLA CaMKIIα<sup> </sup>neuron activity followed reward retrieval and moved to the reward-predictive cue after task acquisition. Optical stimulation of cholinergic NBM-BLA terminal fibers led to quicker acquisition of the cue-reward contingency. These results indicate BLA ACh signaling carries important information about salient events in cue-reward learning and provides a framework for understanding how ACh signaling contributes to shaping BLA responses to emotional stimuli.</p>
Data from: Attract or defend? Pollen and vegetative secondary chemistry of three pollen-rewarding lupines
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Optimal Defense Theory predicts that selection should drive plants to differentially allocate resources for herbivore defense to tissues with high fitness values. As pollen's primary role is the transport of gametes, plants may be expected to defend it from herbivory. However, for many animal-pollinated plants, pollen serves a secondary role as a pollinator reward. This may present a conflict between selection to defend pollen from herbivores and selection to reward pollinators. Here, we investigate whether pollen secondary chemistry in three pollen-rewarding Lupinus species better reflects the need to defend pollen or reward pollinators. METHODS: Lupinus (Fabaceae) species are nectarless, pollen-rewarding, and produce defensive quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids throughout their tissues. We used gas chromatography to identify and quantitate the alkaloids in four above-ground tissues (pollen, flower, leaf, stem) of three western North American lupines: L. argenteus, L. bakeri, and L. sulphureus, and compared alkaloid concentrations and composition among tissues within individuals. KEY RESULTS: Pollen alkaloid concentrations were 11-35% of those concentrations in other tissues in L. argenteus and L. sulphureus. We detected no alkaloids in L. bakeri pollen, though they were present in other tissues. Alkaloid concentrations were not strongly correlated among tissues within individuals. We detected fewer alkaloids in pollen compared to other tissues and pollen contained no unique alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in these pollen-rewarding species, pollen secondary chemistry may reflect the need to attract and reward pollinators more than the need to defend pollen from herbivory.
Stratified Reward Structures and Competition in Markets for Creative Production
Stratified reward structures have emerged as a universal feature of modern society, but their implications on the producers and consumers of creative work are not fully understood. We conducted an online experiment to test the effects of reward stratification in peer-reviewed creative production markets. We find that competition induced by stratification shapes the evolution of creative production, and that the quality of each tier in a stratified market is consistent with its position in the hierarchy. The top tier maintains high-quality standards by attracting many submissions and by filtering its output, operating as an effective sorting device for budget-constrained consumers. However, stratification generates higher levels of inequality among producers, leading to higher rates of market-exit for those lagging behind. We discuss the broad implications of reward stratification and artificial scarcity in hypercompetitive environments, contributing to the debate on cumulative advantage and the allocation of funding and recognition in science.
Reward draws the eye, uncertainty holds the eye: Associative learning modulates distracter interference in visual search.
<p>Eye tracking data and statistical analysis of:</p> <p>Koenig, S., Kadel, H., Uengoer, M., Schubö, A., & Lachnit, H. (2017). Reward draws the eye, uncertainty holds the eye: Associative learning modulates distracter interference in visual search. <em>Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience</em>. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00128.</p> <p> Abstract: Stimuli in our sensory environment differ with respect to their physical salience, but moreover may acquire motivational salience by association with reward. If we repeatedly observed that reward is available in the context of a particular cue, but absent in the context of another cue, the former typically attracts more attention than the latter. However, we also may encounter cues uncorrelated with reward. A cue with 50% reward contingency may induce an average reward expectancy, but at the same time induces high reward uncertainty. In the current experiment we examined how both values, reward expectancy and uncertainty, affected overt attention. Two different colors were established as predictive cues for low reward and high reward respectively. A third color was followed by high reward on 50% of the trials and thus induced uncertainty. Colors then were introduced as distractors during search for a shape target and we examined the relative potential of the color distractors to capture and hold the first fixation. We observed that capture frequency corresponded to reward expectancy while capture duration corresponded to uncertainty. The results may suggest that within trial, reward expectancy is represented at an earlier time window than uncertainty.</p>
Contingent reward, punishment and employee performance
<p><strong>Background</strong>: This paper investigated the connection between transactional leadership styles, contingent rewards, punishments, and employee performance while emphasizing employee engagement's mediating role. Existing research has predominantly focused on isolated associations between contingent rewards, punishment, and employee performance, leaving gaps in the empirical exploration of these mediating mechanisms. To address this research gap, our study has introduced a conceptual framework to understand the multifaceted connection between contingent rewards, punishment, and their effects on employee performance, with a specific emphasis on the mediating function of employee engagement.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We involved 273 full-time non-clinical healthcare professionals employed in NABH-accredited hospitals in Jharkhand, India. <span>A structured survey instrument was employed for data collection from the specific survey participants, with the investigation of the research hypotheses conducted through the application of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). </span></p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Preliminary findings suggested that contingent rewards and punishment do not directly influence employee performance. Instead, our study highlighted the critical mediating role of employee engagement, particularly its dimensions of Vigor, absorption, and dedication.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This research has underscored rewards and punishments as essential tools for influencing employee behaviour, motivation, and performance. Employee engagement, as a multifaceted construct, not only benefits individual employees but also significantly impacts overall organizational performance and success.</p>
Failure to mate enhances investment in behaviors that may promote mating reward and impairs the ability to cope with stressors via a subpopulation of Neuropeptide F receptor neurons
<p><span>Living in dynamic environments such as the social domain, where interaction with others determines the reproductive success of individuals, requires the ability to recognize opportunities to obtain natural rewards and cope with challenges that are associated with achieving them. As such, actions that promote survival and reproduction are reinforced by the brain reward system, whereas coping with the challenges associated with obtaining these rewards is mediated by stress-response pathways, the activation of which can impair health and shorten lifespan. While much research has been devoted to understanding mechanisms underlying the way by which natural rewards are processed by the reward system, less attention has been given to the consequences of failure to obtain a desirable reward. As a model system to study the impact of failure to obtain a natural reward, we used the well-established courtship suppression paradigm in <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> as means to induce repeated failures to obtain sexual reward in male flies. We discovered that beyond the known reduction in courtship actions caused by interaction with non-receptive females, repeated failures to mate induce a stress response characterized by persistent motivation to obtain the sexual reward, reduced male-male social interaction, and enhanced aggression. This frustrative-like state caused by the conflict between high motivation to obtain sexual reward and the inability to fulfill their mating drive impairs the capacity of rejected males to tolerate stressors such as starvation and oxidative stress. We further show that sensitivity to starvation and enhanced social arousal is mediated by the disinhibition of a small population of neurons that express receptors for the fly homologue of<em> neuropeptide Y</em>. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the existence of social stress in flies and offers a framework to study mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between reward, stress, and reproduction in a simple nervous system that is highly amenable to genetic manipulation.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.