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FIGURE 4 in A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

FIGURE 4. Moenkhausia mikia, live specimen, rio Tiquié drainage, Amazonas, Brazil. Photo by A. Cabalzar and F. C. T. Lima.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

FIGURE 3. Caudal-fin color pattern of paratypes of Moenkhausia mikia. A: MZUSP 85062, 51.7 mm SL; B, C, and D: MZUSP 81198, 40.5 mm, 38.9 mm and 38.8 mm SL, respectively.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

FIGURE 2. Lateral view of upper and lower jaw of Moenkhausia mikia, paratype, MZUSP 81198, 46.7 mm SL. Scale bar 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Moenkhausia mikia, MZUSP 85166, 49.5 mm SL, male, igapó at Jabuti village, rio Tiquié, rio Negro drainage, Amazonas, Brazil.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

FIGURE 7. Distribution of Moenkhausia mikia at rio Orinoco and rio Amazonas basins. Dots may represent more than one lot or locality. Red dot: type locality at rio Tiquié, rio Negro drainage.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

FIGURE 6. Fin length as function of standard length by sex for Moenkhausia mikia. A: pectoral fin; B: pelvic fin; C: dorsal fin. Length in millimeters.

FIGURE 8 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 8. Living tadpoles of Allobates grillisimilis from Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, showing color in life and position of spiracle (indicated by black arrows).

FIGURE 7 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 7. Oral discs of Allobates grillisimilis tadpoles from Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, collected in January 2008. (A) Oblique and (B) ventral views of oral disc of tadpole at developmental stage 27. (C) Tadpole at stage 38, photographed on dark background, emphasizing distribution and length of papillae. (D) A second tadpole at stage 38, photographed on white background, emphasizing relative length of tooth rows. Scale bars correspond to 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Allobates grillisimilis from Borba, Amazonas, Brazil (INPA-H 30779, holotype, male) (A) Right hand and (B) Right foot.

FIGURE 6 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 6. Tadpole of Allobates grillisimilis from Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, collected from an egg clutch in January 2008. From top to bottom: dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of preserved tadpole in developmental stage 27 (INPA-H 30827), used in the detailed description (see text).

FIGURE 2 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Color in life of Allobates grillisimilis (A) Dorsolateral and (B) ventral views of holotype (INPA-H 30779), a male collected in Borba, on the right bank of the lower Madeira River, in January 2008. (C) Lateral view of a calling male from type locality (note white vocal sac and multiple dark transverse bars on thighs and shanks). (D) Lateral view of a female photographed at the same locality. (E) Calling male photographed in Nova Olinda do Norte, Amazonas, Brazil. (F) Ventral views of male (left) and female (right) Allobates grillisimilis, from the type locality (note the lack of color dimorphism on ventral surfaces of body). Photos by A.P. Lima (A–D, F) and P.I. Simões (E).

FIGURE 1 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of Allobates grillisimilis (A) Inset: relative location of sampling area in northern South America. Red triangles: distribution of Allobates grillisimilis in central Brazilian Amazon. Solid dots: location of permanent grids maintained by the Brazilian Program for Biodiversity Research-PPBio (http://ppbio.inpa.gov.br), and sites where intensive studies focusing on diurnal frogs have been conducted at least three times, where the new species was not recorded. Open dots: sites sampled for diurnal frogs in one or two consecutive years by the authors, where the new species was not recorded. (B) Detailed view of sites of occurrence of Allobates grillisimilis emphasizing their location in the northwestern Madeira-Tapajós interfluve, State of Amazonas. 1: Nova Olinda do Norte; 2: Type locality in the outskirts of Borba; 3: Rio Paraconi, in Maués; 4: Igarapé Tabacal, a tributary of Rio Paraconi, also in Maués.

FIGURE 3 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Allobates grillisimilis from Borba, Amazonas, Brazil. (A) Dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral views of Allobates grillisimilis holotype (INPA-H 30779, male). (D) Dorsal, (E) ventral, and (F) lateral views of Allobates sp nov. allotype (INPA- H 30780, female). Both individuals have incisions on ventral surface of thighs, made during removal of muscle tissue samples. Scratches on dorsum of both individuals were caused by manipulation.

FIGURE 5 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 5. Variation in color pattern of dorsal surface of body and legs between individuals from the type-series of Allobates grillisimilis. Specimens in upper line from type locality in Borba, Amazonas, Brazil: (A) INPA-H 30784, male; (B) APL30787, male; (C) INPA-H 30798, male. Specimens in middle line from Nova Olinda do Norte, Amazonas, Brazil: (D) INPA-H 30816, female; (E) INPA-H30817, male; (F) INPA-H 30823, male. Specimens in lower line from Maués, Amazonas, Brazil, all males: (G) MPEG 28536; (H) MPEG 28545; (I) MPEG 28535.

FIGURE 10 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 10. Reproductive behavior of Allobates grillisimilis (A) Female (upper left) attracted by a courting male in Nova Olinda do Norte, Amazonas, Brazil. Courtship did not result in oviposition. (B) Female inside a curled dead leaf, used as an oviposition site. (C) Jelly nest containing 13 eggs deposited by the same female. (D) Allobates grillisimilis male collected while transporting tadpoles. All tadpoles being transported were at developmental stage 25 of Gosner (1960). (B), (C), and (D) from type locality in Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, photographed in January 2008.

FIGURE 9 in A new diminutive species of Allobates Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1988 (Anura, Aromobatidae) from the northwestern Rio Madeira—Rio Tapajós interfluve, Amazonas, Brazil

FIGURE 9. Advertisement call of Allobates grillisimilis holotype (INPA-H 30779) recorded in Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, on 12th of January 2008, at 07:28 h and 25°C. (A) Waveform (upper graph) and sonogram (lower graph) of a 4 s segment of advertisement calls, denoting the arrangement of calls, which consist in groups of very short tonal notes. The number of notes is generally variable between calls in the same calling bout. (B) Detailed view (0.6 s) of a single call, consisting of a group of six short notes.

FIGURE 13 in A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon

FIGURE 13. Alfred Russel Wallace's illustration of the new species, rendered between 1850 and 1852 (modified from Wallace, 2002). Original illustration about 12 cm long.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon

FIGURE 10. Further details of the skeleton of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. (UFPB 5217, female, 236 mm DW). A) Neurocranium in dorsal view. B) Lateral view of left scapula. C) Pelvic girdle showing extent of median pre-pelvic process (UFPB 6100, male 174 mm DW). D) Gill arches in dorsal view, splayed to left (dorsal elements removed from right side). Abbreviations: adf, anterodorsal fenestra; afp, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; avf, anteroventral fenestra; bb, basibranchial copula; bh, basihyal; cb: ceratobranchial (1, 5); epi, epibranchial (2); fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; hb, hypobranchial (1); ip, iliac process; isp, ischial process; lf, lymphatic foramina; nc, nasal capsule; msc, mesocondyle; mtc, metacondyle; of, obturator foramen; paf, parietal fossa; pb, pharyngobranchial (2); pc, procondyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; ph, pseudohyal (ventral); pop, postorbital process; pp, prepelvic process; prp, preorbital process; pvf, posteroventral fenestra; sp, supraorbital process.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon

FIGURE 7. SEM photos of dorsal denticles near posterior mid-disc in Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp., showing conspicuous morphology of rounded protuberances forming a Y-shaped pattern (MZUSP 10290).

FIGURE 12 in A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon

FIGURE 12. Maps showing distribution of Potamotrygon wallacei n. sp. in the Rio Negro basin (on left) and in the region near Barcelos (on right), upper Rio Negro basin, highlighting sampling efforts underway by one of us (MLG) since the mid-1990's (note that some collection localities occurred in small streams not indicated on map).