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Impact of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake on the species diversity of rocky intertidal sessile assemblages
<p>The impacts of large-scale disturbance events on the species diversity of rocky intertidal sessile assemblages across multiple spatial scales are not well understood. To evaluate the influence of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on alpha and beta diversities of rocky intertidal sessile assemblages, we censused sessile assemblages in the mid-shore zone from 2011 to 2019. The census was conducted across 22 study sites on five rocky shores along 30 km of the Sanriku Coast of Japan, which is located 150–160 km north–northwest of the earthquake epicenter. Alpha diversity was measured with three Hill numbers (<em>H</em><sub>0</sub>, <em>H</em><sub>1</sub>, and<em> H</em><sub>2</sub>), which represent the number of equally common species that would exist in a community with the same diversity as the sampled community, with higher values of the subscript indicating more weight placed on abundant species. Beta diversity was measured with two metrics (<em>BD</em><sub>total</sub> at two spatial scales). Values were compared between the years 2011–2019 and the pre-earthquake period (2003–2010). The results show that the Tohoku Earthquake significantly altered the species diversity of intertidal sessile assemblages across multiple spatial scales. All diversity metrics obtained at multiple spatial scales (i.e., alpha diversities: <em>H</em><sub>0</sub>, <em>H</em><sub>1,</sub> and <em>H</em><sub>2</sub>; beta diversities: <em>BD<sub>t</sub></em><sub>otal</sub> at the shore and regional scales) decreased immediately after the earthquake and then increased in subsequent years. Two years after the earthquake, <em>H</em><sub>0</sub> recovered to within the range of pre-earthquake values and <em>H</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>H</em><sub>2</sub> became significantly higher than pre-earthquake values. Most metrics of alpha and beta diversities recovered to pre-earthquake levels after several years, but regional <em>BD</em><sub>total</sub> remained low for a longer period.</p>
Fig. 1. Study area and surrounding intertidal habitats. A in Two new species of Perinereis Kinberg, 1865 (Annelida: Nereididae) from the rocky shore of Maharashtra, India, including notes and an identification key to Group 1
Fig. 1. Study area and surrounding intertidal habitats. A. Coastal region of Maharashtra (western India) and collecting localities. B. Aerial view of the rocky intertidal habitat of the study area. C. Intertidal area with rocks covered with seaweed. D. Close-up view of the intertidal area with rocks covered with seaweed and oyster shells. E. Scraped-out seabed (oyster shells, algae, and sediment), burrows of polychaetes and other small invertebrates can be seen. F. Close-up view of burrowing nereidid dwelling among the seabed. Red arrows point to burrowing worms. Scale bars: B = 20 m; C = 1 m; D = 50 cm; E–F = 3 cm.
Fig. 1 in New record of four ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) collected from rocky intertidal pools of South Korea
Fig. 1. Map of the sampling stations in South Korea. Each station (marked with red circles) located at three intertidal zones of the Korean Peninsula (St. 1-3) and Baekdo Island (St. 4).
Fig. 4 in New record of four ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) collected from rocky intertidal pools of South Korea
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Pseudochilodonopsis marina from living specimens (A-C) and protargol impregnated specimens (D, E). A. Ventral view of typical individual. B. Two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). C. Lateral view. D, E. Ventral and dorsal view of stained specimens. Cs, cytostome; LSK, left somatic kineties; Ma, macronucleus; Pr, preoral kineties; RSK, right somatic kineties. TF, terminal fragment. Scale bars: 30 μm.
Fig. 3 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 3. Contribution of taxonomic groups (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora) to quantitative (Abundance %DI) and qualitative (Species richness %DQ) dominances for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat;BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil.
Fig. 1 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 1. Substrate characterization of the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Intertidal zones (High, Mid and Low) and percent cover (mean) of algae habitat (ALG), bare rock (BAR), barnacle belt (BNC) and mussel beds (MUS).
Fig. 5 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 5. Index of trophic diversity (ITD) calculated (mean ± SE, standard error) for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat; BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Significant differences are indicated with different letters (Tukey's test: p<0.05).
Fig. 2 in Taxonomic and functional diversity of mollusk assemblages in a tropical rocky intertidal zone
Fig. 2. Mollusk assemblages: number of individuals (Abundance), number of species (Species richness) and diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver H' and Pielou's evenness J) calculated (mean ± SE) measured for each habitat (ALG, algae habitat; BAR, bare rock; BNC, barnacle belt; MUS, mussel beds) in the rocky intertidal zone of Morro de Pernambuco, IlhÉus, Bahia, Brazil. Significant differences are indicated with different letters (Tukey's test: p<0.05).
Figure 16. Disporella compta n in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 16. Disporella compta n. sp., holotype (NHM 2006.7.21.22): (A) partial view of colony, showing one elongate and two oval maculae among seven maculae present in colony; (B) enlargement of a macula; (C) columns of fused peristomes of three to four autozooids; (D) enlargement of kenozooidal opening showing palm-tree-shaped pinhead spinules. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 400 Mm (C); 50 Mm (D).
Figure 15 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 15. (A–C) Rhynchozoon splendens Hayward: (A) ovicellate zooids, showing asymmetrically orientated oral avicularia; (B) enlargement of primary orifice; (C) autozooids and ovicellate zooids; diamond-shaped rostra of frontal avicularia are also evident. (D–F) Disporella pristis MacGillivray: (D) partial view of entire colony, showing irregular brood chamber in centre, with oeciostome; (E) enlargement of part of brood chamber and oeciostome (top centre); (F) colony margin, showing characteristically granulated marginal lamina and peristomes ending in long processes. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A, C); 50 Mm (B); 1 mm (D); 400 Mm (E, F).
Figure 10. Junerossia copiosa n. gen., n in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 10. Junerossia copiosa n. gen., n. sp., intertidal specimens from Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan (C, E) and Kapa'a Shore, Island of Hawaii (A–B, D, F–H): (A) holotype (NHM 2006.7.21.8), autozooids and ovicellate zooid; (B) holotype, enlargement of orifice; (C) stages in ovicell formation; (D) paratype 2 (NHM 2006.7.21.10),
Figure 9 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 9. (A–D) Parasmittina serrula Soule and Soule: (A) autozooids and ovicellate zooids; (B) enlargement of orifice; (C) young colony showing wide marginal lamina; (D) ancestrula and surrounding marginal lamina. (E, F) Watersipora subovoidea sensu Harmer: (E) autozooids; (F) enlargement of orifice. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 400 Mm (A); 50 Mm (B); 1 mm (C, E); 200 Mm (D, F).
Figure 7 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 7. (A, B) Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni: (A) autozooid; (B) autozooid (part) and ovicellate zooid. (C, D) Chorizopora brogniartii (Audouin) sensu lato: (C) autozooids, ovicellate zooids, interzooidal kenozooids, and avicularia; (D) ancestrula (lower left) and early astogeny. (E, F) Poricella spathulata (Canu and Bassler): (E) autozooids, ovicellate zooids, and interzooidal avicularia; (F) ancestrula (bottom centre) and periancestrular zooids. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 200 Mm (A, B); 500 Mm (C–F).
Figure 5 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 5. (A, B) Antropora minor (Hincks): (A) autozooids, bleached; (B) autozooids, bleached; zooid at right is a brooding zooid, with a raised, smooth distal margin that may represent a vestigial ovicell. (C) Beania discodermiae (Ortmann): autozooids, unbleached. (D) Micropora rimulata Canu and Bassler: autozooids and ovicellate zooids, bleached. Scale bars: 200 Mm (A, B); 500 Mm (C, D).
Figure 14 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 14. (A–C) Metacleidochasma verrucosa n. sp., holotype (NHM 2006.7.21.21): (A) autozooids; (B) enlargement of orifice; (C) ancestrula. (D–F) Rhynchozoon ferocula Hayward: (D) view of entire colony; this small colony of 27 zooids has produced eight ovicells; (E) ovicellate zooids; (F) enlargement of primary orifice. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 400 Mm (A, E); 100 Mm (B, C, F); 1 mm (D).
Figure 4. Corbulella extenuata n in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 4. Corbulella extenuata n. sp., holotype (NHM 2006.7.21.5): (A) autozooid, unbleached; (B) marginal zooids, bleached; note cap-like reduced ovicells; (C) autozooids and interzooidal avicularium (centre), bleached; (D) lateral wall of marginal autozooid showing septula, bleached. (B–D) are from same colony as (A), after bleaching. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A, C, D); 400 Mm (B).
Figure 3 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 3. (A–C) Alderina flaventa n. sp., holotype (NHM 2006.7.21.1): (A) group of autozooids and ovicellate zooids; (B) ovicellate zooid; (C) colony margin showing uniporous septula. (D) Parellisina albida (Hincks): autozooids, ovicellate zooid, and interzooidal avicularia. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A, C, D); 400 Mm (B).
Figure 17. Favosipora adunca n in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 17. Favosipora adunca n. sp.: (A) paratype 1 (NHM 2006.7.21.25), partial view of colony; (B) paratype 1, enlargement of fused peristomes of autozooids; (C) holotype (NHM 2006.7.21.24), brood chamber; (D) holotype, enlargement of brood chamber, showing oeciostome (top, right of centre); (E) paratype 4 (YPM-38559), detail of brood-chamber formation, showing granulated floor and struts of calcification that will contribute to covering; (F) paratype 4, enlargement of kenozooidal openings. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 200 Mm (B, D, E); 500 Mm (C); 100 Mm (F).
Figure 2 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 2. Photographs of rock-pile habitats examined at study sites on the Island of Hawaii; all taken within an hour of low tide (20.03 to +0.15 m referenced to mean lower low water). (A) Kealakekua Bay; study site is shallow inlet beginning at centre and extending to just below left centre; plastic kayak at upper right indicates scale. (B) Whittington Beach Park; sheltered lagoon inside benchrock barrier, part of which can be seen in distance at far upper right; scale indicated by water bottle at lower left. (C) Kapa'a Beach Park; an exposed site with roundedboulder beaches (centre) and solid benchrock (in distance, upper right); sampling site was a tidepool in the benchrock just beyond the upper right of the photograph. (D) Kiholo Bay; entrance to large lagoon separated from the sea by a long barrier spit, on which palm and other trees are growing; end of spit is seen just above right centre, with lagoon evident beyond that in the distance; the shallow area with boulders protruding from water, left to right just below centre, was examined for bryozoans; photograph taken about an hour before low tide.
Figure 8 in Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA
Figure 8. (A, B) Drepanophora corrugata (Thornely): (A) autozooids; (B) enlargement of orifice from distal view showing lyrula and condyles. (C, D) Escharoides longirostris (Dumont): (C) autozooids and one ovicellate zooid; (D) enlargement of orifice and lateral oral avicularium. All specimens bleached. Scale bars: 500 Mm (A, C); 100 Mm (B, D).
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