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Figure 15 in Biology of Lissoderes Champion (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Cecropia saplings inhabited by Azteca ants

Figure 15. (a) Diagram of larva in normal position (head and thorax area); (b) diagram of larva in feeding position (arrow showing direction of head movement). H, head; V, ventral side; D, dorsal side.

Figures 8–14 in Biology of Lissoderes Champion (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Cecropia saplings inhabited by Azteca ants

Figures 8–14. Biology of Lissoderes pusillus. (8) Prepupa in situ, attached to upper node (note head is completely exposed). (9) Pupa in situ, hanging freely inside the internode. (10) Close-up view of shed exuvia of last larval instar and last abdominal segments of pupa (arrow pointing at the connection). (11) Pupa (several days old), ventral view. (12) Teneral adult male (note shape of male rostrum). (13) Adult female displaying thanatosis (note shape of female rostrum). (14) Pupa of parasitoid wasp, Neocatolaccus sp. in situ, hanging from internode chamber wall (arrow pointing at the connection).

Figure 1 in Biology of Lissoderes Champion (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Cecropia saplings inhabited by Azteca ants

Figure 1. Number of internodes per sapling occupied by Azteca ants and Lissoderes pusillus in Cecropia obtusifolia (n544) (A) and C. insignis (n535) (B). Saplings are ranked by increasing number of internodes.

Figures 2–7 in Biology of Lissoderes Champion (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Cecropia saplings inhabited by Azteca ants

Figures 2–7. Biology of Lissoderes pusillus. (2) Egg in situ. Arrow pointing at ovipositional perforation. (3) Ovipositional perforation (solid arrows) and prostoma (dashed arrow). (4) First instar larva feeding on underside of upper node. Grooves or holes indicate where the larva has consumed tissue (arrow pointing at the larva). (5) Second instar larva, lateral view (note the upside-down position). (6) Second instar larva, ventral view, feeding on spongy parenchyma tissue. (7) Mature third instar larva, ventral view (connected fecal pellets are seen on and near the larva).

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Data for: Using spatial patterns of seeds and saplings to assess the prevalence of heterospecific replacements among cloud forest canopy tree species

Questions: To gain insights into the role of species-by-species replacements in cloud forest community structuring, we asked: (1) What are the effects of the spatial distribution of standing individuals on the seed rain, soil seed bank, and sapling density and survival in this cloud forest? and (2) What is the prevalence of conspecific vs. heterospecific replacements in the regeneration of this forest? Location: Santo Tomás Teipan, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico. Methods: In a 1-ha cloud forest plot we assessed seed rain, seed bank, and sapling density and survival of four canopy tree species (Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, Cornus disciflora, Quercus laurina, Oreopanax xalapensis). All standing individuals of these and other tree species (dbh ≥ 2.5 cm) were mapped. We used neighbourhood models to examine the spatial patterns of the three life cycle stages relative to the spatial distribution of adults. The neighbourhood effect was assessed through the Neighbourhood Index, which integrates information on size (dbh) and distance to adults. Data analysis was based on maximum likelihood and model selection procedures. Results: We found large between-species differences regarding the spatial patterns of seeds and saplings. Three species showed evidence for the Janzen-Connell effect operating at the seed (C. pentadactylon and Q. laurina) or sapling (O. xalapensis) stage. We also found support for a critical role of specific microsite factors (i.e., niche differentiation) in the regeneration of two species (C. pentadactylon and C. disciflora). Conclusions: Seed and sapling distribution patterns suggest the prevalence of heterospecific replacements, and that both Janzen-Connell and niche differentiation effects contribute to this pattern. Our results largely support the notion that the prevalence of heterospecific replacements among canopy species promotes species coexistence in cloud forest.

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Data for: Using spatial patterns of seeds and saplings to assess the prevalence of heterospecific replacements among cloud forest canopy tree species

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicSep 2021View details →

openOpenSep 2017View details →

Boundary Fire: Sapling measurements inside and outside mammalian exclosures in 2013, 2014 and 2015

This dataset contains measurements from tagged saplings of trembling aspen, paper birch, and black spruce inside and outside mammalian exclosures set-up along the Steese Highway in the Boundary Fire. Density of dominant woody species is included along with height, diameter at basal and breast height, crown measurements, survival, health, leaf length, and presence of browsing damage on all tagged saplings.

openOpenSep 2017View details →

Measurements of 10 year old Alaskan paper birch saplings before and one-year after exposed to varying intensities of leaf stripping

This dataset contains woody, leaf, and resin gland measurements of Alaskan paper birch saplings before and one-year after a leaf stripping experiment. Saplings were all growing in the Boundary fire (within CPCRW and the rocket range) and thus 10 years old.

openCC0Jul 2021View details →

Assessing the use of bison for savanna restoration at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve: Oak sapling growth

Oak savanna is the most threatened ecosystem in Minnesota and fire, alone, is not restoring and preserving it. Our savanna restoration research started more than a half century ago in what had once been native savanna at Cedar Creek. It has shown that burning about 4 to 7 times per decade eliminates shrubs and non-savanna tree species and restores prairie grassland species. However, our 50 years of research is also showing that these frequent and intense fires are preventing oaks from regenerating. Bison are now known to be a keystone species for restoring and preserving grasslands, but their roles in savanna ecosystems remain unknown. In grasslands, bison preferentially graze the dominant warm season grasses that would otherwise outcompete wildflowers, thereby promoting plant coexistence and enhancing plant diversity. Here we propose to test whether bison grazing might promote the growth and survivorship of oak seedlings in burned savannas by reducing grass fuel for fires and by knocking back dominant grass competitors. We will maintain the existing fire frequencies and the design of the long-term burning experiment, while adding bison grazing as an additional factor in part of several burn units on the southeast side of the property. Bison will graze during the summer and early fall seasons. Grazing exclosures will be established, and oak seedlings will be planted, to test effects of bison grazing on early oak growth and survivorship. The outcomes we plan to achieve are to: (1) discover better restoration and preservation practices for savanna ecosystems; (2) determine how these practices impact savanna biodiversity; and (3) educate Minnesotans about the ecological heritage of their state, including the roles that bison, fire and biodiversity play in the functioning of savannas and other Minnesota ecosystems. We will achieve these goals and outcomes by: (1) restoring bison grazing to 200 acres of oak savanna; (2) experimentally testing whether bison grazing promot

openCC (other)Jan 2020View details →

Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) Sapling Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Foliar Nitrogen

Foliar nitrogen concentrations of red maple and sugar maple saplings experiencing combinations of soil warming and winter freeze-thaw cycles were measured during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 as an indicator of plant nitrogen status. There were seven treatments for each species of maple. For each species, ten saplings experienced ambient temperatures (reference), ten experienced growing season warming with no induced freeze-thaw cycles in winter (warmed), ten in each of four groups experienced warming in the growing season coupled with two, four, six, or eight soil freeze-thaw cycles in winter (warmed + 2 FTC, warmed + 4 FTC, warmed + 6 FTC, warmed + 8 FTC), and ten experienced snow removal in winter with ambient temperatures in the growing-season (snow removal). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

openCC (other)Jan 2020View details →

Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) Sapling Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Photosynthesis

Rates of leaf-level photosynthesis of red maple and sugar maple saplings experiencing combinations of soil warming and winter freeze-thaw cycles was measured biweekly on fully expanded, intact leaves from June through August 2014 and June through September 2015 using a LI-6400. There were seven treatments for each species of maple. For each species, ten saplings experienced ambient temperatures (reference), ten experienced growing season warming with no induced freeze-thaw cycles in winter (warmed), ten in each of four groups experienced warming in the growing season coupled with two, four, six, or eight soil freeze-thaw cycles in winter (warmed + 2 FTC, warmed + 4 FTC, warmed + 6 FTC, warmed + 8 FTC), and ten experienced snow removal in winter with ambient temperatures in the growing-season (snow removal). These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Browsing of oak and fir saplings in Baden-Württemberg (Southern Germany) 2017/2018

The tables contain information about the number of browsed and unbrowsed fir and oak saplings (<=130cm) for 98 locations in southern Germany (2017/2018). The columns read as: 1)the year were the field survey was conducted (Year), 2) the location (xcoord, yccord - WGS 84, EPSG: 4326), 3) an ID of the sampling unit (ID), 4) the number of browsed trees - height <=20 cm, 21-50 cm, 51-80 cm, 81-130 cm (X_B_HC1,..., X_B_HC4), 5) the number of unbrowsed trees - height <=20 cm, 21-50 cm, 51-80 cm, 81-130 cm (X_UB_HC1,..., X_UB_HC4) with "X" being O for oak (Quercus petraea, (Mattuschka) Liebl. and Quercus robur (L.)) or F for fir (Abies alba (Mill.)). Example: "O_B_HC2" - contains the number of browsed oak saplings being taller than 20 cm but smaller than or equal to 50 cm. "NA" means the absence of tree saplings for a specific tree species. Data of the tables was used/published in the following article/manuscript: Hagen, Robert; Kühl, Norbert; Hanewinkel, Marc; Suchant, Rudi; Number and height of unbrowsed saplings are more appropriate than the proportion of browsed saplings for predicting silvicultural regeneration success

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Data from: Developmental constraints and resource environment shape early emergence and investment in spines in saplings

Abstract Background and Aims Herbivory by large mammals imposes a critical recruitment bottleneck on plants in many systems. Spines defend plants against large herbivores and how early they emerge in saplings may be one of the strongest predictors of sapling survival in herbivore-rich environments. Yet little effort has been directed at understanding the variability in spine emergence across saplings. Methods We present a multi-species study examining whether and how sapling size,spine type and species' environmental niche (light and precipitation environment) influence early emergence and biomass investment in spines. A phylogenetically diverse pool of 45 species possessing different spine types (spines, prickles and thorns; that are derived from distinct plant organs: leaf, epidermis or cortex, and branch, respectively), were grown under common garden conditions, and patterns of spine emergence and biomass allocation to spines at 5 and 15 weeks after transplanting were characterized. Key Results Spine type and species' resource niche were the main factors driving early emergence and investment patterns. Spines emerged earliest in leaf spine-bearing species, and latest in thorn-bearing species. The probability of early spine emergence increased with decreasing precipitation, and was greater in species from open than closed habitats. Sapling investment in spines changed with plant mass but was contingent on spine type and habitat type. Conclusions Different spine types have strikingly different timing of expression, suggesting that developmental origins of spines play a critical role in sapling defences. Furthermore, species from different precipitation and light environments (open vs. closed habitats) showed contrasting patterns of early spine expression suggesting that resource limitation in their native range may have driven divergent evolution of early defence expression.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Structural defence is coupled with the leaf economic spectrum across saplings of spiny species

Given that the rate of resource capture constrains plant growth and defence, understanding the linkage between the leaf economic spectrum (LES) and defence and how it contributes to growth is central to predicting species performance. In spite of the prevalence of spiny plants in many plant communities, little is known about how the LES relates to defence and growth rate across these species. We grew 42 spiny species, from diverse environments, under common garden conditions for 15 weeks and measured LES (leaf N, SLA and assimilation rate), defence and growth traits. We assessed general relationships between LES and growth rate and tested whether structural defences (spines, leaf fibre and lignin content) and quantitative chemical defences (condensed tannins) are linked to the LES and growth and if different spine types (i.e. leaf spines, stipular spines, prickles and thorns), with distinct anatomical origins, partition out across the LES. We observed two independent trait axes that together explained ~68% of trait variation across species. The first axis showed that structural defences (spines, leaf fibre and lignin content) trade off with leaf productivity along the LES. Axis 2 revealed that condensed tannins is orthogonal and less integrated with the LES-structural defence axis. Bivariate trait analyses disclosed positive covariations between LES traits and sapling growth rate. All structural defence traits were negatively related to sapling growth. Across spine types, species with leaf spines were associated with the conservative end of the LES, characterized by high structural defences and lower leaf productivity relative to other spine types. Our study shows that the LES and structural defences are coupled in spiny species such that constitutive growth – defence strategies range from fast-growing species with low allocation to defences to slow-growing species that invest heavily in structural defences (dominated by leaf spiny species).

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Data from: Forest loss and treeless matrices cause the functional impoverishment of sapling communities in old-growth forest patches across tropical regions

Landscape-level disturbances, such as forest loss, can profoundly alter the functional composition and diversity of biotic assemblages. In fact, the landscape-moderated functional trait selection (LMFTS) hypothesis states that landscape-level disturbances may act as environmental filters that select a set of species with disturbance-adapted attributes while causing the loss of species with disturbance-sensitive attributes, ultimately compromising ecosystem functioning. However, the impact of landscape patterns on the functional composition and diversity of tropical regenerating trees (saplings) is unknown. Using a multiscale approach to identify the best spatial scale (i.e. the scale of effect), we tested the effect of forest cover, matrix openness and forest patch density (fragmentation) on functional composition and functional diversity of tree saplings in old-growth forest patches (n = 59) in three Mexican rainforest regions with different degree of deforestation. For 368 species and ~23,000 individuals, we compiled information from global and national databases on six functional traits related to seed dispersal and plant establishment and calculated their community abundance-weighted mean (CWMs) and three complementary functional diversity indices. Forest loss and matrix openness reduced functional richness and evenness, but only in the two most deforested regions. Overall, fragmentation had contrasting effects on functional diversity and composition, but correlated negatively with some functional traits in the most deforested region. Importantly, in the regions with high-to-intermediate degree of deforestation, functional composition experienced major changes: maximum height, seed mass, fruit size and wood density decreased, and SLA increased, in forest patches surrounded by open matrices in highly deforested and fragmented landscapes. This caused a shift of community traits towards more disturbed-adapted attributes. Synthesis and applications. In agreement with the LMFTS hypothesis, our results confirm that landscape modifications in regions undergoing high and long-lasting deforestation greatly impoverish the functional composition and diversity of sapling communities. The shift from communities composed mainly by conservative attributes towards communities with a higher prevalence of disturbance-adapted attributes disrupts the future community structure and jeopardizes critical ecosystem functions. Management practices focused on preventing deforestation, increasing forest cover, and promoting treed matrices are necessary to preserve the functionality of these species-rich but increasingly threatened rainforests.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Temperature during seed maturation influences timing of bud burst in seedlings and saplings of Prunus padus.

We tested whether temperature during seed maturation in a broadleaved woody perennial may influence the phenological performance of seedlings through an epigenetic memory. We performed two controlled crosses of Prunus padus in two subsequent years (2015 and 2016). Clonal mother shrubs were subjected to a cold and a warm condition during seed maturation. In the first year after germination the seedlings from the warm seed maturation condition burst their buds earlier compared to the cold condition seedlings, whereas in the second and third year, these seedlings burst their buds later. A temporary maternal effect may have advanced bud burst for the warm condition seedlings in the first year, whereas a delay of bud burst in the following years suggest a transgenerational epigentic memory, putatively expressing a stress reaction upon the suboptimal elevated temperature during seed maturation. In the spring of 2020, seedlings were divided in a cold and a warm treatment. The warm spring treatment enlarged the difference in timing of bud burst between the cold and warm seed maturation conditions in both crosses, suggesting that the epigenetic memory is more strongly expressed in a warmer spring environment. The timing of the autumnal leaf senescence in the seedlings was not influenced by the temperature during seed maturation in all observation years, suggesting that autumnal senescence is less (epi)genetically determined in comparison to bud burst, and more sensitive to ambient temperatures.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Non-structural carbohydrates predict survival in saplings of temperate trees under carbon stress

1. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) mediate plant survival when the plant's carbon (C) balance is negative, suggesting that NSCs could predict plant survival under C stress. To examine this possibility, we exposed saplings of six temperate tree species to diverse levels of C stress created by the combination of two light conditions (full light availability and deep shade) and two defoliation levels (severe defoliation and non-defoliation). We then measured survival, biomass, and total NSCs and soluble sugar (SSs) concentrations in different organs of both dead and live saplings. 2. We estimated mean NSCs and SSs contents and concentrations per sapling and fitted logistic generalized mixed-effects models to determine if NSCs and SSs predict survival. Using inverse prediction modelling, we also determined whether there is a common NSCs and SS threshold across species at the time of sapling's death. 3. Defoliation and shade reduced the mean sapling's NSCs and SSs contents, indicating C stress. Mean sapling NSCs and SSs contents and concentrations predicted survival and the robustness of the models improved with the inclusion of species. At death, saplings of the exotic deciduous tree species Acer pseudoplatanus exhibited significantly lower mean NSCs and SSs contents than saplings of the evergreen conifer species Podocarpus nubigenus and lower stem NSCs and SSs concentrations than the broadleaf evergreen species Drimys winteri. 4. The energetic role that NSCs and SSs play in plants under C stress was evidenced by the capacity of these compounds to predict sapling survival under C stress. No common threshold of NSCs and SSs contents or concentrations for sapling survival amongst species was found, indicating that the level of these compounds may not be good proxies for interspecific comparisons of tolerance to C stress. Presumably, there are species-specific limits for the mobilization and use of NSCs and SSs in metabolism. 5. Our results anticipate that the inclusion of NSCs and SSs in modelling will improve predictions regarding tree responses to ongoing climate change. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the many roles that carbohydrates play in plant survival under C stress is required to scale predictions up to the community level.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Allocation and functional traits of trees and saplings of Bornean tree species growing under contrasting soil nutrient availabilities

The files hold the data of allocation and traits of adult trees ((i) the relationship between tree height and diameter at breast height, (ii) nutrient concentration in green leaves, senescent leaves, wood, and (iii) wood density) and saplings ((i) biomass allocation to leaves, stem, coarse roots, and fine roots, (ii) nutrient concentration in levees, senescent leaves, stem, and roots, and (iii) leaf mass per area) in Bornean tropical tree species growing under contrasting soil nutrient availabilities. Study site includes the Tawau Hills Park (4°27′N, 117°56′E, ca. 300 m asl), the Deramakot Forest Reserve (5°22′N, 117°25′E, ca. 250 m asl), and Nabawan (5°05′N, 116°29′E, ca. 500 m asl), Sabah, Malaysia. Vegetation of Tawau and Deramakot is a mixed dipterocarp forest, whereas that of Nabawan is a tropical heath forest. These sites considerably differ in soil characteristics. The forests in the Tawau Hills Park lie on the andesitic volcanic ash derived from the past eruptions ca. 27000 years ago by Mt. Magdalena, Mt. Lucia, and Mt. Maria. On the other hand, soils in the Deramakot Forest Reserve are derived from tertiary sedimentary rocks. Soils of Nabawan are classified as white sand podosol.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from a drought experiment on saplings of Crataegus monogyna in a common garden setting with three provenances (Belgian, Swedish and Spanish)

Data are from the common shrub Crataegus monogyna that experienced two summer droughts, each followed by rewatering. The experimental design consisted of a common garden with potted saplings from a local Belgian, a Swedish and a Spanish-Pyrenean provenance. We quantified the effects on growth and leaf phenology, focusing on the legacies in the year following the droughts. Responses were influenced by the severity of the drought and by its timing.