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231 results for “scale dependency”
Figure 3 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 3. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Sevastopol Bay; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 2 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 2. Species accumulation curve for tintinnid ciliates collected in Sevastopol Bay of the Black Sea.
Figure 1 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 1. Sample sites in the Sevastopol Bay: 1 - "2 miles"; 2 – "Ravelin"; 3 – "Cape of the Pontoon crossing"; 4 – "Sukharnaya Beam". Modified from Gavrilova & Dovgal (2019b).
Figure 18 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 18. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Southern Ocean; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Scale-dependent diversity-biomass relationships can be driven by tree mycorrhizal association and soil fertility
<p><span>Diversity–biomass relationships (DBRs) often vary with spatial scale in terrestrial ecosystems, but the mechanisms driving these scale-dependent patterns remain unclear, especially for highly heterogeneous forest ecosystems. This study explores how mutualistic associations between trees and different mycorrhizal fungi (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vs. ectomycorrhizal (EM) association) modulate scale-dependent DBRs. We hypothesized that in soil-heterogeneous forests with a mixture of AM and EM tree species, (i) AM and EM tree species respond in contrasting ways (i.e., positively vs. negatively respectively) to increasing soil fertility, (ii) AM tree dominance contributes to higher tree diversity and EM tree dominance contributes to greater standing biomass and that as a result, (iii) mycorrhizal associations exert an overall negative effect on DBRs across spatial scales. To empirically test these hypotheses, we collected </span><span>detailed tree distribution and soil information (nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, pH, etc.) from seven temperate and subtropical AM-EM mixed forest mega-plots (16–50 ha). Using spatial codispersion null model and structural equation modeling, we identified the relationships among AM or EM tree dominance, soil fertility, tree species diversity and biomass, and thus DBRs across 0.01–1 ha scales. We found first evidence overall supporting the above three hypotheses in these AM-EM mixed forests: (i) In most forests, with increasing soil fertility tree communities changed from EM-dominated to AM-dominated. (ii) Increasing AM tree dominance had an overall positive effect on tree diversity and a negative effect on biomass, even after controlling for soil fertility and number of trees. Together, (iii) the changes in mycorrhizal dominance along soil fertility gradients weakened the positive DBR observed at 0.01–0.04 ha scales in nearly all forests and drove negative DBRs at 0.25–1 ha scales in four out of seven forests. Hence, this study highlights a soil-related mycorrhizal dominance mechanism that could partly explain why in many natural forests, biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships shift from positive to negative with increasing spatial scale.</span></p>
Data from: The spatial patterns of community composition, their environmental drivers and their spatial scale dependence vary markedly between fungal ecological guilds
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong></p> <p><span>How community composition varies in space and what governs the variation has been extensively investigated in macroorganisms. However, we have only limited knowledge for microorganisms, especially fungi, despite their ecological and economic significance. Based on previous research, we define and test a series of hypotheses regarding the composition of fungal communities, its most influential drivers and their spatial scale dependence. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Location</span></strong></p> <p><span>Czech Republic.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Time period</span></strong></p> <p><span>Present.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Taxa studied</span></strong></p> <p><span>Fungi.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong></p> <p><span>We analyzed the distance decay relationships, community composition and its drivers (physical distance, litter and soil chemistry, tree composition, climate) in fungi, using multivariate analyses. We compared the results across three fungal ecological guilds (ectomycorrhizal fungi, saprotrophs and yeasts), two forest microhabitats (litter and bulk soil) and six spatial scales (from 5 m to 80 km) that comprehensively cover the Czech Republic.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong></p> <p><span>We found that, similar to macroorganisms, the ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs showed marked distance-decay relationships</span><span>,</span><span> and their community composition was driven mainly by vegetation and dispersal at local scales, but at regional scales, by environmental effects. In contrast, the third fungal guild, the unicellular yeasts, showed little distance decay, suggesting extraordinary spatial homogeneity, as often seen in microorganisms, such as bacteria.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Main conclusions</span></strong></p> <p><span>Our results underscore the remarkable variation in the community ecology of fungi, which seems to range well-known patterns both from the macro- and the microworld. Knowledge of these patterns advances our understanding of the ecology of fungi, rather understudied organisms of significant ecological and economic importance, which our findings identify as a potentially suitable model for bridging the gaps between the biogeography of micro- and macroorganisms. </span></p>
Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
<p><span>Habitat fragmentation can have negative impacts on migratory organisms that rely on the functional connectivity between growing and breeding grounds. Quantifying the population-level phenotypic consequences of such fragmentation requires fine-scaled tracking of individual behaviour and movements across relevant scales. We here make use of a natural experiment where some populations of 'migrant' three-spined sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) became 'residents', following habitat fragmentation five decades ago. To test whether residents have a lower movement tendency than migrants, we developed a novel experimental platform that allows the automated tracking of individual movements via RFID technology in a semi-natural mesocosm where spatio-temporal scales and environmental conditions can be manipulated. We found that residents moved significantly less than migrants at large but not at small spatial scale. This pattern was consistent across time and contexts (water flow and group size). Our study substantiates prior literature on rapid phenotypic divergence in sticklebacks in response to human-induced isolation and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</span></p>
Summer litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems
<p>Tundra soils are one of the world's largest organic carbon stores, yet this carbon is vulnerable to accelerated decomposition as climate warming progresses. The landscape-scale controls of litter decomposition are poorly understood in tundra ecosystems, which hinders our understanding of the global carbon cycle. We examined the extent to which the thermal sum of surface air temperature, soil moisture and permafrost thaw depth influenced litter mass loss and decomposition rates (<em>k</em>), and at which spatial thresholds an environmental variable becomes a reliable predictor of decomposition, using the Tea Bag Index protocol across a heterogeneous tundra landscape on Qikiqtaruk - Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada. We found greater green tea litter mass loss and faster decomposition rates (<em>k</em>) in wetter areas within the landscape, and to a lesser extent in areas with deeper permafrost active layer thickness and higher surface thermal sums. We also found higher decomposition rates (<em>k</em>) on north-facing relative to south-facing aspects at microsites that were wetter rather than warmer. Spatially heterogeneous belowground conditions (soil moisture and active layer depth) explained variation in decomposition metrics at local scales (< 50 m<sup>2</sup>) better than thermal sum. Surprisingly, there was no strong control of elevation or slope on litter decomposition. Our results reveal that there is considerable scale dependency in the environmental controls of tundra litter decomposition, with moisture playing a greater role than the thermal sum at < 50 m<sup>2</sup> scales. Our findings highlight the importance and complexity of microenvironmental controls on litter decomposition in estimates of carbon cycling in a rapidly warming tundra biome.</p>
Summer litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems
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Scale-dependent diversity-biomass relationships can be driven by tree mycorrhizal association and soil fertility
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Data from: Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent
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Scale-dependent effects of biodiversity and stability on marine ecosystem dynamics
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Data and R code from: Relics of beavers past: time and population density drive scale-dependent patterns of ecosystem engineering
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Data from: The importance of biotic interactions in distribution models of wild bees depends on the type of ecological relations, spatial scale and range
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Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
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Data from: The spatial patterns of community composition, their environmental drivers and their spatial scale dependence vary markedly between fungal ecological guilds
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Extended Data: Structure-dependence of the atomic-scale mechanisms of Pt electrooxidation and dissolution
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Platinum dissolution and restructuring due to surface oxidation are primary degradation mechanisms that limit the lifetime of Pt-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy conversion. Here, we studied well-defined Pt(100) and Pt(111) electrode surfaces by in situ high-energy surface X-ray diffraction, on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and density functional theory calculations, to elucidate the atomic-scale mechanisms of these processes. The locations of the extracted Pt atoms after Pt(100) oxidation reveal distinct differences from the Pt(111) case, which explains the different surface stability. The evolution of a specific stripe oxide structure on Pt(100) produces unstable surface atoms which are prone to dissolution and restructuring, leading to one order of magnitude higher dissolution rates.</p> <p><strong>Contents of this repository:</strong></p> <p><strong>1. SXRD data:</strong></p> <p>The experiments for the acquisition of the raw SXRD data were performed at the the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France at the beamlines ID31 and ID03. We thank H. Isern and T. Dufrane for the help during the SXRD experiments.</p> <ul> <li>tomo_tomo.spec is the file with the X-ray diffraction metadata for the CTR scans. It is a plain text file.</li> <li>Each HESXRD dataset is saved in a folder, which denotes the potential (e.g. 1V0.zip). The png-image files are previews of the corresponding dataset. The individual raw cbf files can be opened by pyMCA or silx. From python, the images can be accessed using the fabio library.</li> <li>calibration.zip contains the pyFAI calibration files and a list with indexed Bragg reflections for the UB matrix calculation</li> <li>CTRs_parameters.zip contains the averaged CTR structure factors used for the structual analysis as well as files with the atomic coordinates of the refined structural model.</li> <li>steps.zip contains the full datasets from the potential step experiments in Fig. 1e.</li> </ul> <p><strong>2. DFT:</strong></p> <ul> <li>CONTCARs.zip contains the atomic coordinates of the optimized computational models.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Functional richness shows spatial scale dependency in Pheidole ant assemblages from Neotropical savannas
There is a growing recognition that spatial scale is important for understanding ecological processes shaping community membership, but empirical evidence on this topic is still scarce. Ecological processes such as environmental filtering can decrease functional differences among species and promote functional clustering of species assemblages, whereas interspecific competition can do the opposite. These different ecological processes are expected to take place at different spatial scales, with competition being more likely at finer scales and environmental filtering most likely at coarser scales. We used a comprehensive dataset on species assemblages of a dominant ant genus, Pheidole, in the Cerrado (savanna) biodiversity hotspot to ask how functional richness relate to species richness gradients and whether such relationships vary across spatial scales. Functional richness of Pheidole assemblages decreased with increasing species richness, but such relationship did not vary across different spatial scales. Species were more functionally dissimilar at finer spatial scales, and functional richness increased less than expected with increasing species richness. Our results indicate a tighter packing of the functional volume as richness increases and point out to a primary role for environmental filtering in shaping membership of Pheidole assemblages in Neotropical savannas.
Data from: Scale‐dependent spatial patterns in benthic communities around a tropical island seascape
Understanding and predicting patterns of spatial organization across ecological communities is central to the field of landscape ecology, and a similar line of inquiry has begun to evolve sub‐tidally among seascape ecologists. Much of our current understanding of the processes driving marine community patterns, particularly in the tropics, has come from small‐scale, spatially‐discrete data that are often not representative of the broader seascape. Here we expand the spatial extent of seascape ecology studies and combine spatially‐expansive in situ digital imagery, oceanographic measurements, spatial statistics, and predictive modeling to test whether predictable patterns emerge between coral reef benthic competitors across scales in response to intra‐island gradients in physical drivers. We do this around the entire circumference of a remote, uninhabited island in the central Pacific (Jarvis Island) that lacks the confounding effects of direct human impacts. We show, for the first time, that competing benthic groups demonstrate predictable scaling patterns of organization, with positive autocorrelation in the cover of each group at scales < ~1 km. Moreover, we show how gradients in subsurface temperature and surface wave power drive spatially‐abrupt transition points in group dominance, explaining 48 – 84% of the overall variation in benthic cover around the island. Along the western coast, we documented ten times more sub‐surface cooling‐hours than any other part of the coastline, with events typically resulting in a drop of 1 – 4°C over a period of < 5 hr. These high frequency temperature fluctuations are indicative of upwelling induced by internal waves and here result in localized nitrogen enrichment (NO2 + NO3) that promotes hard coral dominance around 44% of the island's perimeter. Our findings show that, in the absence of confounding direct human impacts, the spatial organization of coral reef benthic competitors are predictable and somewhat bounded across the seascape by concurrent gradients in physical drivers.
Data from: Pattern and process in hominin brain size evolution are scale-dependent
A large brain is a defining feature of modern humans, yet there is no consensus regarding the patterns, rates, and processes involved in hominin brain size evolution. We use a reliable proxy for brain size in fossils, endocranial volume (ECV), to better understand how brain size evolved at both clade- and lineage-level scales. For the hominin clade overall, the dominant signal is consistent with a gradual increase in brain size. This gradual trend appears to have been generated primarily by processes operating within hypothesized lineages – 64% or 88% depending on whether one uses a more or less speciose taxonomy, respectively. These processes were supplemented by the appearance in the fossil record of larger-brained Homo species and the subsequent disappearance of smaller-brained Australopithecus and Paranthropus taxa. When the estimated rate of within-lineage ECV increase is compared to an exponential model that operationalizes generation-scale evolutionary processes, it suggests that the observed data were the result of episodes of directional selection interspersed with periods of stasis and/or drift; all of this occurs on too fine a time scale to be resolved by the current human fossil record, thus producing apparent gradual trends within lineages. Our findings provide a quantitative basis for developing and testing scale-explicit hypotheses about the factors that led brain size to increase during hominin evolution.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.