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138 results for “scrub”
Density dependence maintains long-term stability despite increased isolation and inbreeding in the Florida Scrub-Jay
<p>Isolation caused by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation can destabilize populations. Populations relying on the inflow of immigrants can face reduced fitness due to inbreeding depression as fewer new individuals arrive. Empirical studies of the demographic consequences of isolation are critical to understanding how populations persist through changing conditions. We used a 34-year demographic and environmental dataset from a population of cooperatively-breeding Florida Scrub-Jays (<em>Aphelocoma coerulescens</em>) to create mechanistic models linking environmental and demographic factors to population growth rates. We found that the population has not declined despite both declining immigration and increasing inbreeding, owing to a coinciding response in breeder survival. We find evidence of density-dependent immigration, breeder survival, and fecundity, indicating that interactions between vital rates and local density play a role in buffering the population against change. Our study elucidates the impacts of isolation on demography and how long-term stability is maintained via demographic responses.</p>
Fig. 3 in Insect herbivory following fire on Lyonia fruticosa, an ericaceous shrub of Florida scrub
Fig. 3. Lyonia fruticosa traits with time-since-fire: (A) height, (B) number of stems, (C) proportion of plants flowering, and (D) leaf area. For all panels, points show the mean ± 1 SE of plants within a management unit. Generalized additive models were fitted using the mean values for each management unit to avoid pseudoreplication. Solid regression lines and the shaded areas show the predicted values with 1 SE.
Fig. 2 in Insect herbivory following fire on Lyonia fruticosa, an ericaceous shrub of Florida scrub
Fig. 2. Time-since-fire and herbivore damage by type across whole plants. Points show the mean ± 1 SE of plants within a management unit. Generalized additive models were fitted using the mean values for each management unit to avoid pseudoreplication. When significant, solid regression lines and the shaded areas show the predicted values with 1 SE.
Fig. 1 in Insect herbivory following fire on Lyonia fruticosa, an ericaceous shrub of Florida scrub
Fig. 1. Time-since-fire and herbivory across whole plants. (A) Percent herbivory with time-since-fire; (B) proportion of leaves damaged with time-since-fire. For both panels, points show the mean ± 1 SE of plants within a management unit. Generalized additive models were fitted using the mean values (see text for details). Solid regression lines and the shaded areas show the predicted values with 1 SE.
Figs. 578–581. 578, 579. Graycassis scrub, new species. 580, 581. Asadipus mountant, new species. 578. Left male palp, ventral view. 579. Same, retrolateral view. 580. Epigynum, ventral view. 581 in A Relimitation And Revision Of The Australasian Ground Spider Family Lamponidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)
Figs. 578–581. 578, 579. Graycassis scrub, new species. 580, 581. Asadipus mountant, new species. 578. Left male palp, ventral view. 579. Same, retrolateral view. 580. Epigynum, ventral view. 581. Same, dorsal view.
Scrub Typhus Community Engagement - Interviews with participants and other stakeholders
<p>Interviews with stakeholders from the scrub typhus community engagement project carried out by the Chaingrai team of the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit together with the Primary Care Department of Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital.</p>
Survival of juvenile Florida Scrub-Jays is positively correlated with month and negatively correlated with male breeder death
<p>Juvenile survival in birds is difficult to estimate, but this vital rate can be an important consideration for management decisions. We estimated juvenile survival of cooperatively breeding Florida Scrub-Jays (<em>Aphelocoma</em> <em>coerulescens</em>) in a landscape degraded by fire suppression and fragmentation using data from marked (n = 325) and unmarked juveniles (n = 1,306) with an integrated hierarchical Bayesian model. To assess the combined analyses, we also analyzed these datasets separately, with a Cormack–Jolly–Seber model (marked) and a young model (unmarked). Our data consisted of monthly censuses of territorial family groups from Florida Scrub-Jay populations in East Central Florida collected over a 22-year period. Juvenile survival was estimated from July when young Florida Scrub-Jays begin developing independence to March when they become first-year individuals and grouped according to the habitat quality class of their natal territory that were based on shrub height (with intermediate shrub heights being optimal and short and tall shrub heights being suboptimal) and the presence of sandy openings (the preferred open having many sandy openings; closed not having enough). Parameter estimates in the combined analysis were intermediate to the separate analyses. Notable differences among the separate analyses were that suboptimal habitat survival was lower in the unmarked analysis, the unmarked analysis showed a linear effect of time not seen in the marked analysis, and there was an effect of male breeder death in the marked but not unmarked analysis. The combined data analysis provided more inference than did either dataset analyzed separately including juveniles in optimal-closed territories unexpectedly had higher survival than those in optimal-open, survival increased through time, and male breeder death had a negative effect on survival. This study suggests that optimal-closed habitat may play an important role in juvenile Florida Scrub-Jay survival perhaps by providing better cover from predators and warrants further investigation for management implications.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary and demographic history of the Californian scrub white oak species complex: an integrative approach
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Genetic parallelism underlying repeated bill divergence in Island Scrub-Jays (<em>Aphelocoma insularis</em>) increases at higher genetic levels of organization
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Density dependence maintains long-term stability despite increased isolation and inbreeding in the Florida Scrub-Jay
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Survival of juvenile Florida Scrub-Jays is positively correlated with month and negatively correlated with male breeder death
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Data from: Translocations spur population growth but fail to prevent genetic erosion in imperiled Florida Scrub-Jays
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Identifying drivers of Florida Scrub-Jay reproductive success in the absence of helpers, 1989-2021
Florida Scrub-Jays (FSJ) are federally Threatened, cooperatively breeding birds, where about half of breeding pairs typically have helpers. Factors affecting reproductive success of this species in the absence of helpers has received little attention. This dataset contains reproductive and environmental data relevant to a subset of known age breeding pairs that did not have helpers at Archbold Biological Station (ABS) from 1989 to 2021. Generalized linear mixed models were used to explain variation in reproductive output (offspring survived to 75 days) in relation to: male and female breeding experience and environmental variables (acorn abundance, fire history, and territory size), with year and territory ID included as random effects. Reproductive output was associated with female breeding experience and all three environmental variables. The findings highlight the importance of fire-maintained oak scrub in FSJ reproductive success, which is consistent with management recommendations for this species.
Demographic measures of Hypericum cumulicola (Hypericaceae) in 15 populations in Florida Rosemary Scrub patches with different time-since-fire, at Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida from 1994-2015
We collected demographic data comprising 38,313 unique observations from a sample of 10,910 individuals of H. cumulicola, from 15 independent Florida rosemary scrub patches with different time-since-fire at Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida. Plants were censused during their peak of reproduction annually in July and August between 1994 and 2015.
Demography of scrub plum (Prunus geniculata) at Carter Creek, Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge, 2001-2013, in relation to fire and felling
At the Carter Creek unit of the Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge, we collected demographic data annually on scrub plum (Prunus geniculata), a federally endangered shrub. We initially selected 903 plants (tagged and GPS'd) distributed among 12 management units in February 2001, a minimum of 65 plants per management unit. We worked with United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) staff and a crew from The Nature Conservancy (TNC) to impose three management treatments on a unit basis (4 replicate units) in 2001 (finishing in August): control, chain-saw felling of large oaks, and chain-saw felling followed by prescribed burns. The treatments also served as the basis for vegetation sampling and demographic research on other species (Rickey et al. 2013). Beginning in 2001 and continuing through 2008, we collected annual data (in February) on each marked plant, including survival status, life history stage, height, maximum crown diameter, and reproductive structures. We also scoured areas near plants for new seedlings. We subsampled plants from 2009-2012, and then re-censused all plants in 2013. We also noted fire severity in 2001, 2007, and 2009 in four categories for each plant. Analyses through 2007 (Menges and Weekley 2013) showed that scrub plum had extremely high annual survival (98%) but minimal seedling recruitment. Scrub plum had high survival in all four burn treatments, although severely burned plants were more likely to die. Fire benefited scrub plum as plants resprouted vigorously, increased stem numbers post-fire, and had higher flower production 2-3 years after fires. Between fires, plants increased in height and diameter but retained fewer stems. We concluded that chainsaw felling of oaks did not have strong effects on scrub plum and could be a useful management tool, but we also emphasized the primacy of fire as an ecological disturbance and management treatment in this sandhill ecosystem.
Phylum level phytoplankton composition and FTIR spectra for body wash microplastics and plant-based scrub particles from a 7-day summer 2016 surface mesocosm experiment in Otsego Lake, NY, USA
We tested the effects of two types of microplastics, 50 µm polystyrene (PS) calibration beads and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic body wash scrub particles, and one type of plant-derived body wash scrub particle on a natural phytoplankton assemblage through a 7-day mesocosm incubation experiment in a temperate, mesotrophic lake (Otsego Lake, Otsego County, NY, USA) in summer 2016.
Machine learning estimates of eddy covariance carbon flux in a scrub in the Mexican highland
<p>Arid and semi-arid ecosystems contain relatively high species diversity and are subject to intense use, in particular extensive cattle grazing, which has favoured the expansion and encroachment of perennial thorny shrubs into the grasslands, thus decreasing the value of the rangeland. However, these environments have been shown to positively impact global carbon dynamics. Machine learning and remote sensing had enhanced our knowledge about carbon dynamics, but they need to be further developed and adapted to particular analysis. We measured the net ecosystem exchange of C (NEE) with the Eddy Covariance (EC) method and estimated GPP in a thorny scrub at Bernal in Mexico. We tested the agreement between EC estimates and remotely sensed GPP estimates from MODIS, and also with two alternative modelling methods: ordinary least squares multiple regression (OLS) or ensembles of machine learning algorithms (EML). The variables used as predictors were Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spectral bands, vegetation indices and products, as well as gridded environmental variables. The Bernal site was a carbon sink despite it was overgrazed, the average NEE during fifteen months of 2017 and 2018 was -0.78 g C m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> and the flux was negative or neutral during the measured months. The probability of agreement (θs) represented the agreement between observed and estimated values of GPP across the range of measurement. According to the mean value of θs, agreement was higher for the EML (0.6) followed by OLS (0.5) and then MODIS (0.24). This graphic metric was more informative than r<sup>2</sup> (0.98, 0.67, 0.58 respectively) to evaluate the model performance. This was particularly true for MODIS because the maximum θs of 4.3 was for measurements of 0.8 g C m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> and then decreased steadily below 1 θs for measurements above 6.5 g C m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1 </sup>for this scrub vegetation. In the case of EML and OLS the θs was stable across the range of measurement. We used an EML for the Ameriflux site US-SRM, which is similar in vegetation and climate, to predict GPP at Bernal, but θs was low (0.16) indicating the local specificity of this model. Although cacti were an important component of the vegetation, the night time flux was characterized by positive NEE, suggesting that the photosynthetic dark-cycle flux of cacti was lower than ecosystem respiration. The discrepancy between MODIS and EC GPP estimates stresses the need to understand the limitations of both methods.</p>
Body size is associated with yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay
<p>Large body size is an important determinant of individual fitness in many animal species, especially in island systems where habitat saturation may result in strong intraspecific competition for mates and breeding territories. Here we show that large body size is associated with benefits to yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay (<i>Aphelocoma insularis</i>), endemic to Santa Cruz Island, California. This species is approximately 20% larger than its mainland congener, consistent with the island syndrome, indicating that body size may be a trait under selection. From 2009 to 2013, we quantified the reproductive success of a marked population of Island Scrub-Jays, tracked which yearlings acquired a breeding territory and bred, and measured the occurrence of extra-pair paternity. Two potential contributors to fitness were positively related to body size. Larger yearling males were more likely to breed, possibly due to greater behavioral dominance during aggressive encounters. Larger males were also less likely to lose paternity to extra-pair males and, anecdotally, extra-pair males were larger than the social male cuckolded. This study provides evidence that larger males may have a fitness advantage over smaller males by breeding earlier and avoiding paternity loss, but estimates of lifetime reproductive success are ultimately needed for Island Scrub-Jays and other long-lived species.</p>
Data from: Avoided emissions and conservation of scrub mangroves: a potential Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Mangroves are considered ideal ecosystems for Blue Carbon projects. However, because of their short stature, some mangroves ("scrub" mangroves, < 2m) do not fulfil the current definition of "forests" which makes them ineligible for emission reduction programs such as REDD+. Short stature mangroves can be the dominant form of mangroves in arid and poor nutrient landscapes, and emissions from their deforestation and degradation could be substantial. Here, we describe a potential Blue Carbon project in the Gulf of California, Mexico, to illustrate that projects which avoid emissions from deforestation and degradation could provide financial resources to protect mangroves that cannot be included in other emission reduction programs. The goal of the project is to protect 16,058 ha of mangroves through conservation concessions from the Mexican Federal Government. The cumulative avoided emissions of the project are 2.84 million Mg CO2 over 100 years, valued at $US 426,000 per year (US$15 per Mg CO2 in the California market). The funds could be used for community-based projects that will improve mangrove management, such as surveillance, eradication of invasive species, rehabilitation after tropical storms, and environmental education. The strong institutional support, secure financial status, community engagement, and clear project boundaries provide favourable conditions to implement this Blue Carbon project. Financial resources from Blue Carbon projects, even in mangroves of short stature, can provide substantial resources to enhance community resilience and mangrove protection.
Is it best to add native shrubs to a coastal sage scrub restoration project as seeds or as seedlings?
<p>Ecological restoration frequently involves the addition of native plants, but the effectiveness (in terms of plant growth, plant survival, and cost) of using seeds versus container plants has not been studied in many plant communities. It is also not known if plant success would vary by species or based on functional traits. To answer these questions, we added several shrub species to a coastal sage scrub restoration site as seeds or as seedlings in a randomized block design. We measured percent cover, density, species richness, size, survival, and costs. Over the two years of the study, shrubs added to the site as seeds grew more and continued to have greater density than plants added from containers. Seeded plots also had greater native species richness than planted plots. However, shrubs from containers had higher survival rates, and percent cover was comparable between the planted and seeded treatments. Responses varied by species depending on functional traits, with deep-rooted evergreen species establishing better from container plants. Our cost analysis showed that it is more expensive to use container plants than seed, with most of the costs attributed to labor and supplies needed to grow plants. Our measurements of shrub density, survival, species richness, and growth in two years in our experimental plots lead us to conclude that coastal sage scrub restoration with seeds is optimal for increasing density and species richness with limited funds, yet the addition of some species from container plants may be necessary if key species are desired as part of the project objectives.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.