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84 results for “seasonally dry tropical forests”
Aboveground net primary productivity in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forest: contributions of rainfall, forest age, and soil
<p>Identifying factors controlling forest productivity is critical to understanding forest-climate change feedbacks, modeling vegetation dynamics, and carbon finance schemes. However, little research has focused on productivity in regenerating tropical forest which are expanding in their fraction of global area have an order of magnitude larger carbon uptake rates relative to older forest.</p> <p>We examined aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its components (wood production and litterfall) over ten years in forest plots that vary in successional age, soil characteristics, and species composition using band dendrometers and litterfall traps in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forests in northwestern Costa Rica.</p> <p>We show that the components of ANPP are differentially driven by age and annual rainfall and that local soil variation is important. Total ANPP was explained by a combination of age, annual rainfall, and soil variation. Wood production comprised 35% of ANPP on average across sites and years, and was explained by annual rainfall but not forest age. Conversely, litterfall increased with forest age and soil fertility yet was not affected by annual rainfall. In this region, edaphic variability is highly correlated with plant community composition. Thus, variation in ecosystem processes explained by soil may also be partially explained by species composition.</p> <p>These results suggest that future changes in annual rainfall can alter the secondary forest carbon sink, but that this effect will be buffered by the litterfall flux which varies little among years. In determining the long-term strength of the secondary forest carbon sink, both rainfall and forest age will be critical variables to track. We also conclude that a detailed understanding of local site variation in soils and plant communities may be required to accurately predict the impact of changing rainfall on forest carbon uptake.</p> <p>Synthesis We show that in seasonally dry tropical forests, annual rainfall has a positive relationship with the growth of aboveground woody tissues of trees and that droughts lead to significant reductions in aboveground productivity. These results provide evidence for climate change – carbon cycle feedbacks in the seasonal tropics and highlight the value of longitudinal data on forest regeneration.</p>
A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family
<p><em>Bahiana</em> is expanded from 1 to 2 species with the description of <em>B. occidentalis</em> K. Wurdack, <strong>sp. nov.</strong> as a new endemic of the seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Peru. The disjunct distribution of Bahiana with populations of <em>B. occidentalis</em> on opposite sides of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Tumbes, San Martín) and B. pyriformis in eastern Brazil (Bahia) adds to the phytogeographic links among the widely scattered New World SDTFs. Although <em>B. occidentalis</em> remains imperfectly known due to lack of flowering collections, molecular phylogenetic results from four loci (plastid <em>matK</em>, <em>rbcL</em>, and <em>trnL-F</em>; and nuclear ITS) unite the two species as does gross vegetative morphology, notably their spinose stipules, and androecial structure. Spinescence in Euphorbiaceae was surveyed and found on vegetative organs in 25 genera, which mostly have modified sharp branch tips. Among New World taxa, spines that originate from stipule modifications only occur in <em>Bahiana</em> and <em>Acidocroton</em>, while the intrastipular spines of <em>Philyra</em> are of uncertain homologies.</p>
Aboveground net primary productivity in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forest: contributions of rainfall, forest age, and soil
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Edaphic effects on forest structure and tree species composition in three seasonally dry tropical forest types in Cambodia
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Data for: The interplay of environmental cues and wood density in the vegetative and reproductive phenology of seasonally dry tropical forest trees
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Responses to water limitation are independent of light for saplings of a seasonally dry tropical forest
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Data from: Changing ecological communities along an elevation gradient in seasonally dry tropical forest on Hispaniola (Sierra Martín García, Dominican Republic)
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A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family
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Data from: Genetic diversity of the rain tree (Albizia saman) in Colombian seasonally dry tropical forest for informing conservation and restoration interventions
<p><i>Albizia saman</i> is a multipurpose tree species of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Mesoamerica and northern South America typically cultivated in silvopastoral and other agroforestry systems around the world, a trend that is bound to increase in light of multimillion hectare commitments for forest and landscape restoration. The effective conservation and sustainable use of <i>A. saman</i> requires detailed knowledge of its genetic diversity across its native distribution range of which surprisingly little is known to date. We assessed the genetic diversity and structure of <i>A.saman</i> across twelve representative locations of SDTF in Colombia, and how they may have been shaped by past climatic changes and human influence. We found four different genetic groups which may be the result of differentiation due to isolation of populations in pre-glacial times. The current distribution and mixture of genetic groups across STDF fragments we observed might be the result of range expansion of SDTFs during the last glacial period followed by range contraction during the Holocene and human-influenced movement of germplasm associated with cattle ranching. Despite the fragmented state of the presumed natural <i>A. saman</i> stands we sampled we did not find any signs of inbreeding, suggesting that gene flow is not jeopardized in humanized landscapes. However, further research is needed to assess potential deleterious effects of fragmentation on progeny. Climate change is not expected to seriously threaten the <i>in situ</i> persistence of <i>A. saman</i> populations and might present opportunities for future range expansion. However, the sourcing of germplasm for tree planting activities needs to be aligned with the genetic affinity of reference populations across the distribution of Colombian SDTFs. We identify priority source populations for i<i>n situ</i> conservation based on their high genetic diversity, lack or limited signs of admixture and/or genetic uniqueness.</p>
Data from: Modeling seasonal surface temperature variations in secondary tropical dry forests
Secondary tropical dry forests (TDFs) provide important ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and nutrient cycle regulation. However, their biogeophysical processes at the canopy-atmosphere interface remain unknown, limiting our understanding of how this endangered ecosystem influences, and responds to the ongoing global warming. To facilitate future development of conservation policies, this study characterized the seasonal land surface temperature (LST) behavior of three successional stages (early, intermediate, and late) of a TDF, at the Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP), Costa Rica. A total of 38 Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) data and the Surface Reflectance (SR) product were utilized to model LST time series from July 2013 to July 2016 using a radiative transfer equation (RTE) algorithm. We further related the LST time series to seven vegetation indices which reflect different properties of TDFs, and soil moisture data obtained from a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Results showed that the LST in the dry season was 15–20 K higher than in the wet season at SRNP. We found that the early successional stages were about 6–8 K warmer than the intermediate successional stages and were 9–10 K warmer than the late successional stages in the middle of the dry season; meanwhile, a minimum LST difference (0–1 K) was observed at the end of the wet season. Leaf phenology and canopy architecture explained most LST variations in both dry and wet seasons. However, our analysis revealed that it is precipitation that ultimately determines the LST variations through both biogeochemical (leaf phenology) and biogeophysical processes (evapotranspiration) of the plants. Results of this study could help physiological modeling studies in secondary TDFs.
Functional organization of woody plant assemblages along precipitation and human disturbance gradients in a seasonally dry tropical forest
<p>Chronic anthropogenic disturbances (CAD) and rainfall are important drivers of plant community assembly, but little is known about the role played by inter and intraspecific trait variation as communities respond to these pervasive forces. Here we examined the hypothesis that lower precipitation and higher CAD reduce both intra and interspecific trait variation in Caatinga dry forests. We sampled woody plants across 15 plots along precipitation and CAD gradients and measured resource-use traits. Effects of precipitation and CAD on RaoQ functional diversity were decomposed into species turnover and intraspecific variability. We used "T-statistics" to assess the trait sorting from the regional pool to local communities (i.e. external filtering), and within-community forces leading to low trait overlap (i.e. internal filtering) at individual- and species-level. Intraspecific variability explained at least one third of the total trait variation and 46% of variation in multitrait diversity across communities. Increasing disturbance reduced multitrait diversity, while precipitation affected some particular traits, such as wood density. Overall, precipitation determined species sorting across communities, while disturbance relaxed internal filters, leading to higher trait overlap within communities due to higher intraspecific variability.<b> </b>Our results suggest that<b> </b>the woody Caatinga flora contains a substantial amount of both inter and intraspecific trait variation. This variation is not randomly distributed within and across communities, but varies according to rainfall conditions and disturbance intensity. These findings reinforce the emerging idea that human-disturbances can reorganize plant communities at multiple scales and highlight trait variability as a key biological asset for the resilience of dry forests.</p>
FIGURE 2 in A relict new species of Oreobates (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and its implication to the biogeography of the genus and that of South American Dry Forests
FIGURE 2. Holotype (MZUSP 141708) of Oreobates remotus sp. nov.: Lateral (A), dorsal (B) views of the head; Foot (C) and hand (D). Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in A relict new species of Oreobates (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and its implication to the biogeography of the genus and that of South American Dry Forests
FIGURE 5. Habitats: General view of the dry forest during rainy season (A), and during the dry season (B); Limestone outcrops ("Rochedo") within the dry forest where adult males of Oreobates remotus sp. nov. were found calling, and where the holotype was collected (C).
FIGURE 8 in A relict new species of Oreobates (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and its implication to the biogeography of the genus and that of South American Dry Forests
FIGURE 8. Bayesian consensus tree topology obtained from the combined molecular data set (cyt b and 16S) showing the placement of Oreobates remotus sp. nov. within Oreobates, and as sister taxon of O. heterodactylus. Numbers above nodes are posterior probabilities.
FIGURE 3 in A relict new species of Oreobates (Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and its implication to the biogeography of the genus and that of South American Dry Forests
FIGURE 3. Adult paratopotypes of Oreobates remotus sp. nov. in life: (A) Male (MZUSP 141711) and (B) female (MZUSP 141710).
FIGURE 2 in Lonchocarpus verticillatus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): A new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Colombia
FIGURE 2. Lankester Composite Digital Plate (LCDP) Lonchocarpus verticillatus. A. Terminal branch with the arrangement of leaves and infructescence. B. Shapes and sizes of leaflets. C. Pre-anthesis flowers. D. Flower at anthesis (lateral view). E. Standard petal in frontal view; wing petal and keel petal in lateral view. F. Calyx, staminal tube, and gynoecium. G. Fruits. A, G based on C. Rivera et al 1370; B–F based on W. Ariza-C. et al. 9523. Photographs by Cristiam Rivera.
FIGURE 1 in Lonchocarpus verticillatus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): A new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Colombia
FIGURE 1. Illustration of Lonchocarpus verticillatus A. Terminal branch with the arrangement of leaves and inflorescence. B. Branch showing the whorled arrangement of the leaves. C. Lenticels on branches. D. Detail of the venation in the intercostal space in abaxial view. E. Detail of pseudoracemose inflorescence with a pair of pedicellate flowers at the end of a short peduncle or brachyblast which form a "Y". F. Ventral view of flower at anthesis. G. Dorsal view of flower. H. Lateral view of flower with standard petal reflexed. I. Detail of bracteoles in the subapical segment of the pedicel. J. Calyx open adaxial surface. K. Standard. L. keel petals partially attached. M. wings. N. Staminal tube with callosities at the base (left) and tube open view inner surface (right). O. Anthers dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. P. Gynoecium with stigma detail, Q. Infructescence. R. Fruits. A–P based on C. Rivera et al 1370; Q–R based on W. Ariza-C. et al. 9523. Illustration by Omar Bernal.
FIGURE 3 in Lonchocarpus verticillatus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): A new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Colombia
FIGURE 3. Habitat and vegetative morphology of Lonchocarpus verticillatus A. Habitat in the Cauca River Canyon. B. Isolated tree in a pasture. C. Branch with whorled leaves and discolorous leaflets. D. Node of the branch and stipules (red arrows). E. Lenticellate trunk and yellowish inner bark. Photographs A–E: William Ariza.
Castela senticosa (Simaroubaceae: Sapindales), a new species from the Caribbean clade endemic to seasonally dry tropical forest on Hispaniola
<p>Recent fieldwork in the Sierra Martín García in southwestern Dominican Republic has yielded a new species of the American clade <i>Castela</i> (Simaroubaceae), <b><i>Castela senticosa</i></b> sp. nov., from seasonally dry tropical forest. This species has been collected from two separate localities, including Môle St. Nicolas in northwestern Haiti in 1929, but until now fertile material with both flowers and fruit was unknown. We provide a photographic plate and illustration, place it phylogenetically using plastome data, and compare it morphologically with close relatives. This increases the number of known species of <i>Castela</i> on Hispaniola from one to two, both of which are endemic but from different clades, and yields another species for the Greater Antilles, a known biodiversity hotspot and clear center of diversification for this group of arid-adapted, thorny shrubs. This work emphasizes that seasonally dry tropical forest, although often understudied, house as yet undiscovered biodiversity and deserve far more comprehensive studies.</p>
Data from: Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil
<ol> <li><span>In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought-avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested. </span></li> <li><span>We examined (1) tolerance to water stress, measured by pre-dawn and mid-day leaf water potential; (2) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ<sup>13</sup>C; and (3) access to soil water,<i> </i>measured via stem water δ<sup>18</sup>O.</span></li> <li><span>We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low<i> </i>leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group. </span></li> <li><span><i>Synthesis. </i>Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species-level differences. </span></li> </ol>
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