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393 results for “seed dispersal”
Figure 5 in Reproductive phenology and pre-dispersal seed-feeding in Protium tovarense (Burseraceae), with a description of the first known phytophagous ''Bracon'' species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae)
Figure 5. Habitus and details of claw and ovipositor of Bracon phytophagus sp. n., holotype female. (a) Habitus; (b) oblique ventral view of mid-telotarsus showing large basal lobe; (c) apex of ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths; (d) detail of apex of ovipositor showing extra serrations.
Figure 4 in Reproductive phenology and pre-dispersal seed-feeding in Protium tovarense (Burseraceae), with a description of the first known phytophagous ''Bracon'' species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae)
Figure 4. Fruit (volume), seed embryo (volume), and larval growth (length) in Protium tovarense from 1-monthold fruits until fruit ripening (a) and percentage of fruits infested during the same interval of time (b).
Fig.1. Bipartite graph depicting a plant-animal mutualistic network involving 10 in The Role Of Macaca Spp. (Primates: Cercopithecidae) In Seed Dispersal Networks
Fig.1. Bipartite graph depicting a plant-animal mutualistic network involving 10 frugivores (left) and 170 of the plant species (right) they disperse at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. The list of plant species is based on Kitamura et al. (2002), then the list of frugivores dispersing each species has been completed thanks to data from bin Kassim (1987), Kitamura et al. (2005), Datta & Rawat (2008), Brockelman (2009), McConkey & Brockelman (2011), Albert et al. (2013), Ngoprasert (2012), Khamcha (pers. comm.), Latinne (pers. comm.), Martmoon (pers. comm.).
Fig. 1 in Secondary removal of seeds dispersed by gibbons (Hylobates lar) in a tropical dry forest in Thailand
Fig. 1. Distribution of experimental sites where seeds were dispersed by 4 groups of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Home range maps of the gibbons are based on Light (2016) and Phiphatsuwannachai et al. (2018), plus newly-discovered areas (extended home ranges) by the author. Fruiting trees and gibbon defecation locations were recorded in a GPS. Each site when active contained a camera trap and a paired control/treatment.
Fig 2 in Secondary removal of seeds dispersed by gibbons (Hylobates lar) in a tropical dry forest in Thailand
Fig 2. Estimates of beta-coefficients from binomial regressions with parameter estimates derived from model averaging with 95% confidence intervals. A variable is considered significant if the confidence interval does not overlap zero.
Code Appendix: Do Seed Dispersal Strategies Reflect Adaptation to Environmental Variability? Functional Ecology, 2023
<p>This code appendix contains all of the R code and data for the manuscript:<br> <br> Van Den Elzen, C. L., N. Sigman, and N. C. Emery. 2023. Do Seed Dispersal Strategies Reflect Adaptation to Environmental Variability?. Functional Ecology (Manuscript ID: FE-2022-00850).<br> <br> Abstract: </p> <p>1. Dispersal is one of the primary mechanisms by which organisms adapt to spatial and temporal variation in the environment. Theory predicts that increasing spatiotemporal variation drives selection for offspring dispersal away from their natal habitat and one another. However, due to inherent difficulties in measuring dispersal in plant systems, there are few empirical tests of the extent to which this hypothesis can explain variation in seed dispersal strategies.</p> <p>2. In this study, we characterized and compared the dispersal patterns of three closely related plant species that segregate across gradients in spatiotemporal variation in seasonal wetlands.</p> <p>3. We tracked individual seeds as they dispersed in their natural habitats to measure seed dispersal distance (the distance traveled from the maternal plant) and inter-seed spread (distances between dispersed seeds), and to identify the plant traits causing within-species variation in seed dispersal. We also evaluated the seed traits causing within-species variation in seed flight distance and terminal velocity in a wind tunnel and a drop tube, respectively.</p> <p>4. We found that average seed dispersal distance was lowest in the species that occupies the most spatiotemporally variable habitat, contradicting our predictions; however, inter-seed spread was lowest in the species from the least variable habitat, which aligned with our expectations.</p> <p>5. The maternal plant and seed traits explaining intraspecific variation in seed dispersal varied among species as well as the method used to measure dispersal potential. Two traits had non-intuitive effects on dispersal, including pappus size, which reduced seed flight distance in two of the focal taxa.</p> <p>6. Overall, our results indicate that the differences we detected in seed dispersal among three closely related plant taxa can be only partially explained by current patterns of environmental variability in their respective habitats, and that the traits driving within species variation in seed dispersal can evolve rapidly and change with the environmental context in which they are measured.</p>
Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest
<p><span>Studying fruit traits and their interactions with seed dispersers can improve how we interpret patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and evolution. Mounting evidence suggests that fruit ethanol is common, variable, and may exert selective pressures on seed dispersers. To test this, we comprehensively assess fruit ethanol content in a wild ecosystem and explore sources of variation. We hypothesise that both phylogeny and seed dispersal syndrome explain variation in ethanol levels, and we predict that fruits with mammalian dispersal traits will contain higher levels of ethanol than those with bird dispersal traits. We measured ripe fruit ethanol content in species with mammal- (n = 16), bird- (n = 14), or mixed-dispersal (n = 7) syndromes in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest. Seventy-eight percent of fruit species yielded measurable ethanol concentrations. We detected a phylogenetic signal in maximum ethanol levels (Pagel's λ = 0.82). Controlling for phylogeny, we observed greater ethanol concentrations in mammal-dispersed fruits, indicating that dispersal syndrome helps explain variation in ethanol content and that mammals may be more exposed to ethanol in their diets than birds. Our findings further our understanding of wild fruit ethanol and its potential role as a selective pressure on frugivore sensory systems and metabolism.</span></p>
Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
<p>Seed dispersal by frugivores is a fundamental function for plant community dynamics in fragmented landscapes, where forest remnants are typically embedded in a matrix of anthropogenic habitats. Frugivores can mediate both connectivity among forest remnants and plant colonization of the matrix. However, it remains poorly understood how frugivore communities change from forest to matrix due to the loss or replacement of species with traits that are less advantageous in open habitats, and whether such changes ultimately influence the composition and traits of dispersed plants via species interactions. Here, we close this gap by using a unique dataset of seed-dispersal networks that were sampled in forest patches and adjacent matrix habitats of seven fragmented landscapes across Europe. We found a similar diversity of frugivores, plants and interactions contributing to seed dispersal in forest and matrix, but a high turnover (replacement) in all these components. The turnover of dispersed seeds was smaller than that of frugivore communities because different frugivore species provided complementary seed dispersal in forest and matrix. Importantly, the turnover involved functional changes towards larger and more mobile frugivores in the matrix, which dispersed taller, larger-seeded plants with later fruiting periods. Our study provides a trait-based understanding of frugivore-mediated seed dispersal through fragmented landscapes, uncovering non-random shifts that can have cascading consequences for the composition of regenerating plant communities. Our findings also highlight the importance of forest remnants and frugivore faunas for ecosystem resilience, demonstrating a high potential for passive forest restoration of unmanaged lands in the matrix.</p>
The irreplaceable role of surviving megafauna in long-distance seed dispersal: Evidence from an experiment with Neotropical mammals
<p>The downsizing of disperser assemblages by selective defaunation is a worldwide phenomenon thought to have important consequences in animal-dispersed plants. Numerous large-seeded Neotropical plants currently depend on the last megafaunal survivors, the large tapirs <em>Tapirus</em> spp., and medium-sized frugivores. The extent to which medium frugivores are functionally equivalent to tapirs remains unresolved. We combined feeding trials, seed dispersal kernel modeling based on seed retention times and animal movement simulation (Levy walks), and germination experiments in a large-seeded palm to assess the dispersal quality provided by the largest (tapirs) and two medium (foxes and howler monkeys) frugivore species in terms of dispersal distances and gut passage effects on germination. Tapirs retained the seeds in the gut for much longer (mean=221 hours) than howlers (43 h) and foxes (22 h). Median dispersal distance by tapirs (1252 m) was 14 and 40 times larger than that by foxes (88 m) and howlers (31 m), respectively. The seed dispersal kernel of tapirs showed a 5<sup>th</sup> percentile value (291 m) larger than the 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles of foxes (285 m) and howlers (108 m). Manually depulped and gut-passed seeds germinated in similar proportions, showing, respectively, 3.5 and 2.5―2.9 times higher values than intact fruits. Germination probability and seed viability decreased with retention time in howlers' and tapirs' gut, with howlers showing a steeper negative relationship. Such detrimental effect implies a trade-off between germination success and dispersal distance. We conclude that tapirs may not play a unique role in germination enhancement but move seeds much further than medium frugivores, thus playing a critical role as long-distance dispersers of many plants. This study provides important insights on palm–frugivore interactions and the potential consequences for large-seeded plants of losing the last megafaunal representatives in the Neotropics.</p>
Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
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The irreplaceable role of surviving megafauna in long-distance seed dispersal: Evidence from an experiment with Neotropical mammals
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Data from: Context-dependent forest elephant seed dispersal: Implications for pathways of elephant-driven patterns of biodiversity and carbon storage
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Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest
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Human-induced reduction in mammalian movements impacts seed dispersal in the tropics
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Interspecific competition reduces seed dispersal in an annual plant and slows simulated range expansions
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Data from: Seed fate in ant-mediated dispersal: Seed dispersal effectiveness in the Ectatomma ruidum (Formicidae) - Zanthoyxlum ekmanii (Rutaceae) system
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Data from: Species introductions shift seed dispersal potential more than extinctions across 120 island plant–frugivore communities
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Data from: Forest degradation limits the complementarity and quality of animal seed dispersal
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Toucan dispersal of large-seeded trees
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Landscape Corridors Promote Long Distance Seed Dispersal by Birds During Winter but Not During Summer at an Experimentally Fragmented Restoration Site
In fragmented landscapes, plant population persistence and community diversity can hinge upon plants dispersing seeds long distances between isolated patches of habitat. Landscape corridors, which connect otherwise isolated patches, have been shown to increase seed dispersal by birds moving between patch fragments. However, because bird behaviors change seasonally, the strength of this "corridor effect" may also change. We assessed the utility of corridors for promoting seed dispersal by birds during both summer and winter in a well-replicated corridor experiment conducted in early successional longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannah habitat at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, USA. We used a single species of bird-dispersed fruiting plant, American black nightshade (Solanum americanum), and controlled the timing and number of fruits available to birds during summer and winter. Corridors increased long-distance seed dispersal during winter but not during summer, indicating that the effectiveness of corridors for promoting long-distance seed dispersal can depend upon plant reproductive timing and seasonal differences in bird movement. A better understanding of the seasonality of plant-animal interactions will permit better predictions about whether and how corridors provide connectivity for plants.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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