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50 results for “self-incompatibility”
Data from: The impact of individual inaccuracy of reciprocal herkogamy on legitimate pollen deposition and seed set in a distylous self-incompatible herb
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Data from: Transmission advantage favors selfing allele in experimental populations of self-incompatible Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae)
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Data from: Diversity of S-alleles and mate availability in 3 populations of self-incompatible wild pear (Pyrus pyraster)
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Data from: The loss of self-incompatibility in a range expansion
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Data from: Molecular and quantitative signatures of biparental inbreeding depression in the self-incompatible tree species Prunus avium
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Data from: Distinct effects of pollinator dependence and self-incompatibility on pollen limitation in South African biodiversity hotspots
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Widespread coexistence of self-compatible and self-incompatible phenotypes in a diallelic self-incompatibility system in Ligustrum vulgare (Oleaceae)
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Data from: Strong inbreeding depression in two Scandinavian populations of the self-incompatible perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata
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Self-compatible blueberry cultivars require fewer floral visits to maximise fruit production than a partially self-incompatible cultivar
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Data from: Breakdown of gametophytic self-incompatibility in subdivided populations
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Data from: Rapid loss of self-incompatibility in experimental populations of the perennial outcrossing plant Linaria cavanillesii
Transitions from self-incompatibility (SI) to self-compatibility (SC) in angiosperms may be frequently driven by selection for reproductive assurance when mates or pollinators are rare, and are often succeeded by loss of inbreeding depression by purging. Here we use experimental evolution to investigate the spread of SC from one such population of the perennial plant Linaria cavanillesii into SI populations that still have high inbreeding depression. We introduced SC individuals at different frequencies into replicate experimental populations of L. cavanillesii that varied in access to pollinators. Our experiment revealed a rapid shift to SC in all replicates, driven by both greater seed set and greater outcross siring success of SC individuals. We discuss our results in the light of computer simulations that confirm the tendency of SC to spread into SI populations under the observed conditions. Our study illustrates the ease with which SC can spread among populations, a requisite for species-wide transitions from SI to SC.
Data from: No evidence for Fabaceae Gametophytic self-incompatibility being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes
Background: Fabaceae species are important in agronomy and livestock nourishment. They have a long breeding history, and most cultivars have lost self-incompatibility (SI), a genetic barrier to self-fertilization. Nevertheless, to improve legume crop breeding, crosses with wild SI relatives of the cultivated varieties are often performed. Therefore, it is fundamental to characterize Fabaceae SI system(s). We address the hypothesis of Fabaceae gametophytic (G)SI being RNase based, by recruiting the same S-RNase lineage gene of Rosaceae, Solanaceae or Plantaginaceae SI species. Results: To address if Fabaceae GSI is RNase based we first looked for the presence of SSK1 like genes (described only in species having RNase based GSI), in the Trifolium pratense, Medicago truncatula, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, and Lupinus angustifolius genomes. Since we find these genes in Fabaceae species, we characterize the S-lineage T2-RNase genes in these genomes. Except for T. pratense, all species are self-compatible (SC). Nevertheless, in T. pratense, but also in M. truncatula and C. arietinum we identify S-RNase lineage genes that in phylogenetic analyses cluster with Pyrinae S-RNases. In M. truncatula and C. arietinum genomes, where large scaffolds are available, these sequences are surrounded by F-box genes that in phylogenetic analyses also cluster with S-pollen genes. In T. pratense the S-RNase lineage genes show, however, expression in tissues not involved in GSI. Moreover, levels of diversity are lower than those observed for other S-RNase genes. The M. truncatula and C. arietinum S-RNase and S-pollen like genes phylogenetically related to Pyrinae S-genes, are also expressed in tissues other than those involved in GSI. To address if other T2-RNases could be determining Fabaceae GSI, here we obtained a style with stigma transcriptome of Cytisus striatus, a species that shows significant difference on the percentage of pollen growth in self and cross-pollinations. Expression and polymorphism analyses of the C. striatus S-RNase like genes revealed that none of these genes, is the S-pistil gene. Conclusion: We find no evidence for Fabaceae GSI being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes. Since none of the C. striatus T2-RNase genes expressed in style with stigma is involved in GSI specificity, there is no evidence that T2-RNase lineage genes could be determining GSI in this species. Therefore, to characterize the Fabaceae S-pistil gene(s), expression analyses, levels of diversity, and segregation analyses in controlled crosses are needed for those genes showing high expression levels in the tissues where GSI occurs.
Data from: The expression of self-incompatibility in angiosperms is bimodal
Self-incompatibility is expressed by nearly one half of all angiosperms. A large proportion of the remaining species are self-compatible, and they either outcross using various contrivances or self-fertilize to some extent. Because of the common occurrence of populations and individuals with intermediate levels of self-incompatibility, categorization of the expression of self-incompatibility as an approximately binary trait has become controversial. We collect a widely reported index (ISI) used to asses the strength and variation of self-incompatibility from over 1200 angiosperm taxa. Its distribution is bimodal and positively associated with outcrossing rate, albeit with a weak relationship within self-compatible taxa. A substantial fraction of species have intermediate mean values of ISI. Their occurrence can be caused by segregating ephemeral self-compatible mutations, averaging artifacts, and experimental biases, in addition to the often invoked stabilizing selection acting on the expression of self-incompatibility. Selection may also generally favor taxa with high ISI values through increased lineage birth and death rates, and it may counter lower-level selection advantages within taxa expressing intermediate and low values of ISI. Such a null hypothesis is nearly universally overlooked, despite the fact that it could adequately explain the observed distribution of mating and breeding systems.
Data from: Inbreeding depression in self-incompatible North American Arabidopsis lyrata: disentangling genomic and S-locus specific genetic load
Newly formed selfing lineages may express recessive genetic load and suffer inbreeding depression. This can have a genome-wide genetic basis, or be due to loci linked to genes under balancing selection. Understanding the genetic architecture of inbreeding depression is important in the context of the maintenance of self-incompatibility and understanding the evolutionary dynamics of S-alleles. We addressed this using North-American subspecies of Arabidopsis lyrata. This species is normally self-incompatible and outcrossing, but some populations have undergone a transition to selfing. The goals of this study were to: (1) quantify the strength of inbreeding depression in North-American populations of A. lyrata; and (2) disentangle the relative contribution of S-linked genetic load compared with overall inbreeding depression. We enforced selfing in self-incompatible plants with known S-locus genotype by treatment with CO2, and compared the performance of selfed vs outcrossed progeny. We found significant inbreeding depression for germination rate (δ=0.33), survival rate to 4 weeks (δ=0.45) and early growth (δ=0.07), but not for flowering rate. For two out of four S-alleles in our design, we detected significant S-linked load reflected by an under-representation of S-locus homozygotes in selfed progeny. The presence or absence of S-linked load could not be explained by the dominance level of S-alleles. Instead, the random nature of the mutation process may explain differences in the recessive deleterious load among lineages.
Database from: Managed honey bees decrease pollination limitation in self-compatible but not in self-incompatible crops
<p><span>Modern agriculture is becoming increasingly pollinator-dependent. However, the global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing at a slower rate than its demand while wild bees are declining worldwide. This uneven scenario of high pollinator demand and low pollinator availability can translate into increasing pollination limitation, reducing the yield of pollinator-dependent crops. However, overall assessments of crop pollination limitation and the factors determining its magnitude are missing.</span></p> <p><span><span>W</span><span>e assembled the first global database of pollination limitation in pollinator-dependent crops, encompassing </span><span>107 metadata comparing the quantity/quality of fruits/seeds produced by pollen supplemented vs naturally pollinated flowers. This database, based on 52 published studies, cover 30 crops in 52 crop systems. </span></span><span>We conducted a meta-analysis comparing crop yield in pollen-supplemented vs. open-pollinated flowers. We assessed the overall magnitude of pollination limitation and whether this magnitude was influenced by (a) the presence/absence of managed honey bees, (b) crop compatibility system (i.e., self-compatible/self-incompatible), and (c) the interaction between these two factors. </span></p>
Data from: Species selection maintains self-incompatibility
Identifying traits that affect rates of speciation and extinction and hence explain differences in species diversity among clades is a major goal of evolutionary biology. Detecting such traits is especially difficult when they undergo frequent transitions between states. Self-incompatibility, the ability of hermaphrodites to enforce outcrossing, is frequently lost in flowering plants, enabling self-fertilization. We show, however, that in the nightshade plant family (Solanaceae), species with functional self-incompatibility diversify at a significantly higher rate than those without it. Apparent short-term advantages of potentially self-fertilizing individuals are therefore offset by strong species selection, which favors obligate outcrossing.
Data from: Genetic architecture of inbreeding depression and the maintenance of gametophytic self-incompatibility
Gametophytic self-incompatibility is a widespread genetic system, which enables hermaphroditic plants to avoid self-fertilization and mating with close relatives. Inbreeding depression is thought to be the major force maintaining self-incompatibility; however, inbreeding depression is a dynamical variable that depends in particular on the mating system. In this paper we use multilocus, individual based simulations to examine the co-evolution of self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression within finite populations. We focus on the conditions for the maintenance of self-incompatibility when self-compatible mutants are introduced in the population by recurrent mutation, and compare simulation results with predictions from an analytical model treating inbreeding depression as a fixed parameter (thereby neglecting effects of purging within the self-compatible sub-population). In agreement with previous models, we observe that the maintenance of self-incompatibility is associated with high inbreeding depression and is facilitated by high rates of self-pollination. Purging of deleterious mutations by self-compatible mutants has little effect on the spread of those mutants as long as most deleterious alleles have weak fitness effects: in this case, the genetic architecture of inbreeding depression has little effect on the maintenance of self-incompatibility. By contrast, purging may greatly enhance the spread of self-compatible mutants when deleterious alleles have strong fitness effects.
Data from: Rapid loss of self-incompatibility in experimental populations of the perennial outcrossing plant Linaria cavanillesii
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Data from: Species selection maintains self-incompatibility
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Data from: No evidence for Fabaceae Gametophytic self-incompatibility being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes
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