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116 results for “shared species”
Shared predators between primate groups and mixed species bird flocks: The potential for forest-wide eavesdropping networks
<p>A <span><span><span><span>basic tenet of animal behavior is that animal groupings (e.g., schools of fishes or flocks of birds) are widely influenced by predators. Many studies have focused on communication between individuals within the same species or different species within a defined social group; but predators typically select from a number of different co-occurring species. To evaluate whether two distantly-related species with similar predators share vocal information regarding predator threats, we conducted a field experiment in the Amazonian rainforest involving an avian prey-species, a primate prey-species, and a shared predator. In our reciprocal field experiment, we elicited alarm calls from birds (Bluish-slate antshrikes, <em>Thamnomanes schistogynus</em>)<em> </em>and primates (Saddle-backed tamarins, <em>Saguinus fuscicollis</em>) by exposing them to a trained raptor (Bicolored Hawk, <em>Accipiter bicolor</em>). We then played all types of recorded alarm calls back to birds and tamarins, and measured 1) the time to respond (for both birds and tamarins), and 2) the distance moved across the substrate (for tamarins). Our results show that both birds and tamarins were significantly more likely to flee when hearing vocal alarms compared to a control (a common bird call, the Screaming Piha, <em>Lipaugus vociferans</em>), regardless of the species who produced the alarm. In addition, tamarins moved significantly more upon hearing bird alarm calls when compared to the control. We suggest that signals regarding shared predators may be highly valued across prey from distinct social groups. These data support the hypothesis that overlapping potential predators can drive communication between distinct prey groups, resulting in taxonomically diverse eavesdropping networks within tropical rainforests.</span></span></span></span></p>
Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host‐associated genetic differentiation across shared host‐plant species in leaf‐ and bud‐galling sawflies
<p>Resource specialization and host-associated genetic differentiation (HAD) are frequently invoked as an explanation for the high diversity of plant-feeding insects and other organisms with a parasitic lifestyle. While genetic studies have demonstrated numerous examples of HAD in insect herbivores, the general rarity of comparative studies means that we still lack an understanding of how deterministic HAD is, and whether patterns of host shifts can be predicted over evolutionary time scales. We applied genome-wide SNP data obtained through low-coverage genome resequencing to define species limits and to compare host-plant use in population samples of leaf- and bud-galling sawflies collected from seven shared willow (<em>Salix</em>) host species. To infer the repeatability of long-term cophylogenetic patterns, we also contrasted the phylogenies of the two galler groups with each other as well as with the phylogeny of their <em>Salix</em> hosts estimated based on RADseq data. We found clear evidence for host specialization and HAD in both of the focal galler groups, but also that leaf gallers are more specialized to single host species than are most bud gallers. In contrast to bud gallers, leaf gallers also exhibit statistically significant cophylogenetic signal with their <em>Salix</em> hosts. The observed discordant patterns of resource specialization and long-term host use in two related galler groups that have radiated in parallel across a shared resource base indicate a general lack of evolutionary repeatability and suggest that short- and long-term host use and ecological diversification in plant-feeding insects are dominated by stochasticity and/or lineage-specific effects.</p>
Foundress number in Local ecological factors, not interference competition, drive the foundress number of two species of fig wasp sharing Ficus septica figs
<p><span>Recent studies have challenged assumptions about the classic fig-fig wasp pollination mutualism model, suggesting that further investigation into the receptive phase of fig development is needed. This study assessed the pollination mechanisms of <em>Ficus septica</em> in southern Taiwan and identified two species of wasps as the primary pollinators. Machine learning was used to identify and rank the factors that explain the relative abundance of these wasps. The two wasp species showed the highest level of cohabitation ever reported in the literature, with three-quarters of the figs containing multiple foundresses. The study also reported re-emerged foundresses and a 10% ratio of pollinated figs without foundresses. Local factors, such as the sampling period and tree identity, were the best predictors of the presence and number of each foundress species, with fig size also affecting the number of foundresses. The study highlights the variability in pollinator abundance between figs, crops, and trees. It also shows that the local environment of the trees and the availability of figs are crucial factors in determining which figs the pollinator wasps choose. These findings challenge assumptions about the classic mutualism model and suggest that long-term surveys are needed to estimate the relative contributions of each partner and provide data for evolutionary and ecological models. This study also provides valuable insights into the factors that affect the abundance and interactions of pollinator wasps during the receptive phase of fig development, with implications for understanding the behaviour of pollinating wasps and advancing our knowledge of population dynamics in <em>Ficus </em>species.</span></p>
Data and code from: A colorful legacy of hybridization in wood-warblers includes frequent sharing of carotenoid genes among species and genera
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Foundress number in local ecological factors, not interference competition, drive the foundress number of two species of fig wasp sharing Ficus septica figs
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Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host‐associated genetic differentiation across shared host‐plant species in leaf‐ and bud‐galling sawflies
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Data from: Sharing detection heterogeneity information among species in community models of occupancy and abundance can strengthen inference
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Shared predators between primate groups and mixed species bird flocks: The potential for forest-wide eavesdropping networks
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Data from: The Chord-Normalized Expected Species Shared (CNESS)-distance represents a superior measure of species turnover patterns
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Disentangling the assembly mechanisms of ant cuticular bacterial communities of two Amazonian ant species sharing a common arboreal nest
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Data and codes from: Species divergence under competition and shared predation
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Data from: Anthropogenic ecosystem fragmentation drives shared and unique patterns of sexual signal divergence among three species of Bahamian mosquitofish
When confronted with similar environmental challenges, different organisms can exhibit dissimilar phenotypic responses. Therefore, understanding patterns of phenotypic divergence for closely related species requires considering distinct evolutionary histories. Here, we investigated how a common form of human-induced environmental alteration, habitat fragmentation, may drive phenotypic divergence among three closely related species of Bahamian mosquitofish (Gambusia spp.). Focusing on one phenotypic trait (male coloration), having a priori predictions of divergence, we tested whether populations persisting in fragmented habitats differed from those inhabiting unfragmented habitats and examined the consistency of the pattern across species. Species exhibited both shared and unique patterns of phenotypic divergence between the two types of habitats, with shared patterns representing the stronger effect. For all species, populations in fragmented habitats had fewer dorsal-fin spots. In contrast, the magnitude and trajectory of divergence in dorsal-fin color, a sexually selected trait, differed among species. We identified fragmentation-mediated increased turbidity as a possible driver of these trait shifts. These results suggest that even closely related species can exhibit diverse phenotypic responses when encountering similar human-mediated selection regimes. This element of unpredictability complicates forecasting the phenotypic responses of wild organisms faced with anthropogenic change – an important component of biological conservation and ecosystem management.
Data from: Genetic structure and hybridization in the species group of Ficus auriculata: can closely related sympatric Ficus species retain their genetic identity while sharing pollinators?
Obligate mutualistic nursery pollination systems between insects and plants have led to substantial co-diversification involving at least some parallel cladogenesis, as documented in Yucca, Ficus and Phyllanthaceae. In such systems pollinators are generally species specific thus limiting hybridization and introgression among interfertile host species. Nevertheless, in the three systems, cases of one insect pollinating several plant species are reported. In most cases host plants sharing pollinators are allopatric. However in the case of the species group of Ficus auriculata, forms may co-occur over large parts of their range. We show here that the species group of F. auriculata is constituted by four well-defined genetic entities that share pollinators. We detected hybrids in nature mainly when both parental forms were growing nearby. Controlled crosses showed that F1 offspring could be successfully backcrossed. Hence, despite sharing pollinators and despite hybrid viability, the different forms have preserved their genetic and morphological identity. We propose that ecological differentiation among forms, coupled with limited overlap of reproductive season has facilitated the maintenance of these inter-fertile forms. As such, establishment of pollinator host specificity may not be a prerequisite for sympatric diversification in Ficus.
Assessing the potential for indirect interactions between tropical tree species via shared insect seed predators
Natural enemies of plants have the potential to influence the dynamics of plant populations and the structure of plant communities. In diverse tropical forests research on the effects of plant enemies has largely focused on the diversity-enhancing effects of highly specialised enemies, while the community-level effects of enemies with broader diets have rarely been considered. We investigated the community of insect seed predators interacting with seven tree species in the family Lauraceae on Barro Colorado Island (Panama). We present one of the first quantitative food webs for pre-dispersal insect seed predators and their host plants, and use the information in the web to assess the potential for indirect interactions between the tree species. Our data suggest that there is high potential for indirect interactions between Lauraceae species via their shared seed predators. The strength and direction of these interactions is largely unrelated to the phylogenetic distance and trait similarity between species but are likely governed by the volume of fruit produced by each tree species.
Pollinator sharing, copollination, and speciation by host shifting among six closely related dioecious fig species
<p>The obligate pollination mutualism between figs (<em>Ficus</em>, Moraceae) and pollinator wasps (<span>Agaonidae, Hymenoptera</span>) is a classic example of cospeciation. However, examples of phylogenetic incongruencies between figs and their pollinators suggest that pollinators may speciate by host shifting. To investigate the mechanism of speciation by host shifting, we examined the phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structures of six closely related fig species and their pollinators from southern China and Taiwan-Ryukyu islands using various molecular markers. The results revealed 1) an extraordinary case of pollinator sharing, in which five distinct fig species share a single pollinator species in southern China; 2) two types of copollination, namely, sympatric copollination by pollinator duplication or pollinator migration, and allopatric copollination by host migration and new pollinator acquisition; 3) fig species from southern China have colonized Taiwan repeatedly and one of these events has been followed by host shifting, host specificity reestablishment, and pollinator speciation, in order. Based on our results, we propose a model for pollinator speciation by host shifting in which reestablishment of host-specificity plays a central role in the speciation process. These findings provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying pollinator speciation and host specificity in obligate pollination mutualism.</p>
FIGURE 1 in A new Bursaphelenchus species (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) sharing characters with Ektaphelenchidae from the People's Republic of China
FIGURE 1. Bursaphelenchus lini sp. n. A: Male; B: Female; C: Head region; D: Vulval region; E: Female tail; F: Bursa; G: Spicules; H: Male tail. (Scale bars = 10 µm).
FIGURE 2 in A new Bursaphelenchus species (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) sharing characters with Ektaphelenchidae from the People's Republic of China
FIGURE 2. Light photomicrographs of Bursaphelenchus lini sp. n. A: Stylet (head region); B. Female tail; C. Vulval region; D. Male tail with protruded spicules; E. Median bulb; F. Rectangular object in a female. (Scale bars = 10 µm).
FIGURE 1 in Emended description and geographical distribution of Sporisorium elegantis (Ustilaginaceae), a species shared between West Africa and India
FIGURE 1. Sporisorium elegantis on Thelepogon elegans. A. Habitat in Benin (phot. M. Piątek). B. Healthy inflorescence of Thelepogon elegans (phot. M. Piątek). C. Macroscopic symptoms of infection: to the left—two infected plants with sori with disappeared peridia and two columellae (a columella indicated by arrow divides into short apical branches), and to the right—enlarged sori with disappearing peridia and with disappeared peridium, respectively, showing a columella dividing into short apical branches (del. J. Piątek). Bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 2 in Emended description and geographical distribution of Sporisorium elegantis (Ustilaginaceae), a species shared between West Africa and India
FIGURE 2. Sporisorium elegantis on Thelepogon elegans seen by light microscopy (KRAM F-56853). A–C. Peridial cells. D. Disintegrating spore ball. E–F. Spores, median and superficial views. G–H. Sterile cells. Bars = 10 µm.
FIGURES NJ27–NJ30. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella; NJ28, Sophronia gelidella; NJ29, Anthophila fabriciana; NJ30, Phiaris bipunctana. in Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology
FIGURES NJ27–NJ30. Neighbor-joining trees. Scale bar = 1%. Blue circles indicate Nearctic specimens, red circles Palearctic specimens, and mixed circles indicate a combination of the two; diamonds indicate outgroups. In parentheses are numbers of specimens per node. NJ27, Scrobipalpa acuminatella; NJ28, Sophronia gelidella; NJ29, Anthophila fabriciana; NJ30, Phiaris bipunctana.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.