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FIG. 1 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 1. — Locations of the 33 scree slopes and four talus that were sampled in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park and in the surrounding area. Symbols: ●, subterranean sampling devices (SSDs); ∆, talus pitfall traps (TSPs).

FIG. 2 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 2. — Sampled habitats and sampling devices: A, a typical scree slope; B, placement of a subterranean sampling device (SSD); C, a talus on a scree slope; D, placement of a talus slope pitfall traps (TSP).

FIG. 5 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 5. — Habitus of Cholevinae Kirby, 1837 species captured in this study: A, Speonemadus angusticollis (Kraatz, 1870); B, Speonemadus clathratus (Perris, 1864); C, Speonemadus vandalitiae (Heyden, 1870); D, Attumbra josephinae josephinae (Saulcy, 1862); E, Catops fuliginosus Erichson, 1837; F, Catops fuscus fuscus (Panzer, 1794); G, Catopsimorphus (Attiscurra) marqueti Fairmaire, 1857; H, Catopsimorphus (Weiratherella) rougeti Saulcy, 1864; I, Choleva (Choleva) cisteloides (Frolich, 1799); J, Choleva (Cholevopsis) punctata Brisout, 1866; K, Sciodrepoides watsoni watsoni (Spence, 1815); L, Ptomaphagus (Ptomaphagus) tenuicornis tenuicornis (Rosenhauer, 1856). Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 4. — Species accumulation curves for the complete inventory of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park: A, sample-based species accumulation curve using the subterranean sampling devices (SSDs) as effort units (empty circles); 95% confidence interval as grey bands, and Chao2 curve (stripped line); B, nonparametric richness estimators.

Fig. 4 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 4. Parmales from Oligocene diatomites of Poland: Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 333-10 from Rupelian; Łubno, Poland). SEM images of a cell tilted and rotated into positions focusing on different A1–A4 external and internal sides of the wall. White crosses mark the same feature in each image as an aid to determining relative tilt and rotation between images. Inner surface of the partially dislodged vp can be seen in the far background in A1 and in external profile in A4. Abbreviations: s1–3, arbitrarily numbered dorsal shield plates/openings; vp, ventral plate. Scale bars 1 µm.

Fig. 8 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 8. Palaeomorphotaxa related or similar to parmaleans from Rupelian (lower Oligocene) diatomites of Łubno (A–C) and Futoma (D) Poland.A. Pentalaminamorpha radiata gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 333-18), external surface of dorsal shield plate (arrow) and fragmented girdle plate (arrowheads). B. Pentalaminamorpha radiata gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 333-10), internal view of the top of the central part of dorsal shield plate. C. Unnamed palaeomorphotaxon (DMF SEM stub 333-10), fragment of a cell wall containing a parmalean-like circular plate with heart-shaped depressions. D. Unnamed palaeomorphotaxon (DMF SEM stub 342-8), fragment of cell wall containing a plate with circular depressions. Scale bars 1 µm.

Fig. 3 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 3. Parmales from Oligocene diatomites of Poland: Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 342-13) from Rupelian; Łubno, Poland. A. SEM images of one cell tilted and rotated into positions focusing on different external and internal sides of the wall. White crosses mark the same feature in each image as an aid to determining relative tilt and rotation between images; A1, dorsal cup with partially eroded areas between the rims of dorsal shield plates yet no indication of seams at junctions between the sections corresponding to dorsal plate and ventral girdle plates as would be expected in Triparma and Tetraparma; A2, another area of erosion between s1 and s3 openings with no breakage where a seam would be expected. B. A cup with greater degree of damage yet no detectable disarticulation along expected seam locations. C. A better-preserved cup with no sign of seams. Abbreviations: s1–3, arbitrarily numbered dorsal shield plates/openings; ucb, upended dorsal cup bottom; vo, ventral opening. Scale bars 1 µm.

Fig. 7 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 7. Parmales from Oligocene diatomites of Poland: Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 333-10 from Rupelian; Łubno, Poland), aggregated fragments in a presumed faecal pellet with approximate boundaries of the pellet indicated by a white frame. Digitally constructed montage of 16 individual images. Scale bar 5 µm.

Fig. 2 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 2. Parmales from Oligocene diatomites of Poland: Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 342-13 from Rupelian; Łubno, Poland). SEM images of a cell tilted and rotated into positions focusing on different external and internal sides of the wall. White crosses mark the same feature in each image as an aid to determining relative tilt and rotation between images. A1, ventral plate rim and surrounding area plus internal surface of the ucb viewed through the ventral plate opening; A2, internal surface tilted up and to the right compared to A1, showing the upended dorsal cup wall between s 1 and s3; A3, external surface of area between s1 and s2, inside view of the area above s3; A4, inner surface around lower part of s2 adjacent to the ucb; A5, external surface of the area above all three dorsal shield plates and inner surface of the upper area between s2 and s3; A6, external surface of the rim surrounding the opening for the ventral plate between s1 and s2, internal surface above the other side of s2 compared to A5. No internal or external surfaces of the wall of the upended cup show evidence of seams. Abbreviations: s1–3, arbitrarily numbered dorsal shield plates/openings; ucb, upended dorsal cup bottom. Scale bars 1 µm.

Fig. 5 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 5. Parmales Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. from Rupelian (early Oligocene) diatomites of Łubno, Poland. A, B. DMF SEM stub 333-10. A. Internal surface of dorsal shield plate with notable undulations. B. External surface of dorsal shield plate with notable undulations. C, D. DMF SEM stub 342-13. C. Internal surface of ventral plate with less pronounced undulations. D. External surface of ventral plate with less pronounced undulations. Note absence of ornamentation on all plate surfaces. Scale bars 1 µm.

Fig. 6 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 6. Parmales Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. from Oligocene diatomites of Poland. A. Scatterplot of dorsal shield plate and ventral plate diameters recovered from fifteen cell walls which contained at least one dorsal shield plate and a ventral plate. B. Diameters of individual dorsal shield plates, ventral plates and their openings recovered from fragmented dorsal hollow cups. Underlying data for Fig. 6 given in SOM 4.

Fig. 1 in Parmalean and other siliceous nannofossils from the Oligocene of Polish Flysch Carpathians

Fig. 1. Parmales from Oligocene diatomites of Poland: Parmoligocena janusii gen. et sp. nov. (DMF SEM stub 342-13 from Rupelian; Łubno, Poland). SEM images of a cell tilted and rotated into positions focusing on different external and internal sides of the wall. White crosses mark the same feature in each image as an aid to determining relative tilt and rotation between images. A1, external surface of the area above and to the right of s1; A2, external surface of the area between s1 and s2, including an internal portion above s3 in the background; vp collapsed into cell wall lumen and just its edge visible; A3, internal view of the area between s1 (not labeled, extreme left) and s3, with vp collapsed into the cell wall lumen; A4, internal surface of the dorsal part of ucb viewed through the ventral plate opening; vp is collapsed into the cell and can be seen at the left-hand side of the opening; A5, a part of inner surface of the dorsal cup bottom slightly more tilted in the direction of the top of the image compared to A4, showing lower portion of s3; A6, interior view showing majority of the internal side of s3. Note that no seams are detectable on any of the surfaces where junctions between the dorsal plate and girdle plates appear in both Triparma and Tetraparma. Abbreviations: s1–3, arbitrarily numbered dorsal shield plates/openings; vp, ventral plate; ucb, upended dorsal cup bottom. Scale bars 1 µm.

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Scattering matrices and integral scattering quantities of laboratory-characterized silicate and ice particles

<p>Mueller scattering matrices and integral scattering quantities of four different scattering particle shapes, two refractive indices, and various size parameters computed using ADDA (v1.2; Yurkin and Hoekstra, JQSRT 112, pp. 2234-2247, 2011). The file name consists of the particle shape designation (A-D), the refractive index designation ("m254" depicts a silicate-rich particle: m = 2.54 + 0.01i; "m178" depicts an ice-rich particle with impurities: m = 1.78 + 0.001i; both at microwave frequencies), and the volume-equivalent size parameter (spherical-volume-equivalent particle perimeter length per wavelength) ranging from 0.25 to 7-16 depending on the shape type. "CS" refers to Cross Sections, which includes the extinction cross section, the extinction efficiency, the absorption cross section, and the absorption efficiency. The cross sections assume a wavelength of 6.283185307. All Mueller scattering matrices are 4 x 4 matrices for 180 different scattering angles, and orientation-averaged over hundreds or thousands of orientations. The scattering matrix files include a descriptive header line. In the ADDA computations, the polarizability prescription is "Lattice dispersion relation" when |m| < 2 and "Filtered coupled dipoles" when |m| > 2. The Interaction term prescription is "Point dipoles" when |m| < 2 and "Filtered Green's tensor" when |m| > 2.</p> <p>The corresponding scatterer shape models are given in the files ending "dipoles_x12.out". ADDA uses scatterer shape models that have been discretized into equally-sized cubic voxels. The shape model files list the x, y, and z coordinates of each voxel. The shape models have been scaled to optimize computation times but ensuring that the number of dipoles per wavelength is greater than 10|m| for each size parameter. The given shape model fulfills this condition for a size parameter of 12. The particle shape models have been derived from atmospheric dust particles by scanning-electron microscopes (Lindqvist et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 143-157, 2014).</p>

Fig. 12 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 12. Hexactinellid and demosponge spicules from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian, sample Kw−156, all × 38. A, B, E. Anchoring spicules of hexactinellids. C, D, F–H.?Dermal pentactines. I. Hexactine. J. Undetermined demosponge spicule. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 11 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 11. Demosponge (including lithistid) and hexactinelid spicules from Kowala Quarry, set H−2, late Frasnian, sample Ky−3. A, B. Strongyloxeas, × 70. C. Strongyl, × 70. D. Stauractin, × 54. E. Pentactine, × 36. F, J, M. Desmas (dendroclones) of antahspidellid lithistids, × 70. G. Tetraxon, × 70. H. Tetraxon, × 54. I. Hexactine, × 36. K, L. Fragments of astylospongiid lithistid skeleton, × 27 All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 10 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 10. Hexactinellid and lithistid spicules from Kowala Quarry, set H−2, late Frasnian. A, H, E. Hexactines (A × 43; H × 49; E × 75). B.?Stauractine, × 21. G. Dermal pentactine, × 64. I. fragments of fused skeleton of hexactinosan sponge, × 21. J. Fragment of fused skeleton of astylospongiid lithistid, × 32. C, D, F. dermal spicules (strongly modified pentatcines) of docodermatid hexactinellid. (D × 13; C × 15; F × 17). All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 8. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−4 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 8. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−4, early Famennian (Pa. crepida Zone), sample KM−1, all × 75. A–E. Haplentactinia aff. flagelifera. F. Polyentactinia cf. rudihispida. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 9 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 9. Entactiniid (A–F) and albaillellid (G, H) radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 75. A. Trilonche grandis. B. Stigmospherostylus crustescens. C–E. Trilonche guangxiensis. F. Polyentactinia tenera. G, H. Albaillella sp. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 7. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 7. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 75. A–C, E. Haplentactinia cf. rhinophyusa. D. Spongentactinella sp. F, G. Haplentactinia cf. inaudita. All SEM micrographs.

Fig. 4. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3 in Siliceous biota (radiolarians and sponges) and the Late Devonian biotic crisis: The Polish reference

Fig. 4. Entactiniid radiolarians from the Kowala Quarry, set H−3, earliest Famennian (Middle Pa. triangularis Zone), sample Kw−154, all × 150 except J × 240. A–C. Astroentactinia stellaepolus. D. Stigmospherostylus diversita. E, G. Astroentactinia stellata. F. Astroentactinia cf. crassata. H. Stigmospherostylus cf. micula. I, J. Helioentactinia cf. perjucunda.