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234 results for “small body”
How small deviations in kinematics and body form dictate muscle performances in the finely tuned avian downstroke
<p>Avian takeoff requires peak pectoralis muscle power to generate sufficient aerodynamic force during the downstroke. Subsequently the much smaller supracoracoideus recovers the wing during the upstroke. How the pectoralis work loop is tuned to power flight is unclear. We integrate wingbeat-resolved muscle, kinematic and aerodynamic recordings <em>in vivo</em> with a new mathematical model to disentangle how the pectoralis muscle overcomes wing inertia and generates aerodynamic force during takeoff in doves. Doves reduce the incidence of their wing mid-downstroke to efficiently generate aerodynamic force, resulting in an aerodynamic power dip, that allows transferring excess pectoralis power into tensioning the supracoracoideus tendon to assist the upstroke—improving the pectoralis work loop efficiency simultaneously. Integrating extant bird data, our model shows how the pectoralis of birds with faster wingtip speed need to generate proportionally more power. Finally, birds with disproportionally larger wing inertia need to activate the pectoralis earlier to tune their downstroke.</p>
Small brains: Body shape constrains tissue allocation to the central nervous system in ant-mimicking spiders
<p>In Batesian mimicry, mimetic traits are not always as convincing as predicted by theory – in fact, inaccurate mimicry with only a superficial model resemblance is common and taxonomically widespread. The ‘selection trade-offs hypothesis’ proposes a life-history trade-off between accurate mimetic traits and one or more vital biological functions. Here, using an accurate myrmecomorphic (ant-mimicking) jumping spider species, <em>Myrmarachne smaragdina</em>, we investigate how myrmecomorphic modifications to the body shape impact the internal anatomy in a way that could be functionally limiting. Specifically, via X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT), we quantify how the spider’s constricted prosoma, which emulates the head and thorax of ants, impacts the size of the central nervous system (CNS) and the venom glands. We found that, relative to their whole-body mass, the CNS of the ant-mimicking jumping spider was smaller when compared with a relatively closely related non-mimic jumping spider, indicating that some trade-off between mimic accuracy and size of neural anatomy, as articulated by the ‘selection trade-offs hypothesis’, is a possibility. Our explorative evidence enables and encourages broader investigation of how variable mimic accuracy impacts the neuroanatomy in ant mimics as a direct test of the ‘selection trade-offs hypothesis’. </p>
Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Numerous studies have </span><span>examined the correlation between offspring </span><span>quantity</span><span> and quality</span><span>, and many have found that the most common brood size is often smaller than broods with the highest offspring quality or production. However, the reasons why these small broods with lower offspring quality are produced, are still poorly explained. Using data spanning 29 years, we investigated the effects of brood size on nestlings' body mass and the lifetime fitness for those offspring as adults (as proxies of offspring quality) in the Crested Ibis (<em>Nipponia nippon</em>). We also examined the temporal variation of brood size. We found that overall offspring quality increases with brood size and that individuals from broods of three had the highest quality, as quantified by larger body mass, higher adult survival, and lifetime reproductive success. Furthermore, brood size of an individual pair significantly varied across years, and the proportion of broods containing two offspring increased while broods of three decreased after 2000 when the population dispersed to low-quality habitat. These findings indicate that spatiotemporal variation in resources may impact variation in brood size and subsequent fitness consequences, and that small broods are more common in resource-poor years or low-quality habitats. In contrast, parents with access to high-quality resources produce larger broods of nestlings that achieve higher body mass and subsequently experience higher adult survival and lifetime fitness. This study highlights how variation in life history traits can be influenced by resource condition, and provides an insight into particular habitat that need conservation for Crested Ibis.</span></p>
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00750269. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 2.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage I or Stage II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer That Can Be Removed By Surgery
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00551369. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Fludarabine Phosphate and Total-Body Irradiation Before Donor Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant in Treating Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Small Lymphocytic Leukemia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00060424. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Maintenance Chemotherapy Versus Consolidative Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Plus Maintenance Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Randomized Phase II Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02045446. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Efficacy and Safety Study of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) With or Without Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Adults With Unresected Stage I or II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (MK-3475-867/KEYNO
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03924869. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 24. Publications: 1.
Surgery With or Without Internal Radiation Therapy Compared With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With High-Risk Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01336894. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Pembrolizumab and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy or Non-Stereotactic Wide-Field Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02444741. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Inoperable Stage I or Stage II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00087438. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) in Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01185639. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Mammals with large home ranges, low reproductive rates, and small body sizes are most vulnerable to roads: A meta-analysis
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Small increases in ambient temperature reduce offspring body mass in an equatorial mammal
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Weighing the cost: the impact of serial heatwaves on body mass in a small Australian passerine
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Size-dependent costs of migration: migrant bird species are subordinate to residents, but only at small body sizes
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Data from: Urbanization filters megacolorful, small-bodied, and diet-specialist species in tropical bird assemblages
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Data and code from: Interspecific allometry of sexual shape dimorphism in small-bodied and large-bodied geckos
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How small deviations in kinematics and body form dictate muscle performances in the finely tuned avian downstroke
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Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.