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48 results for “smolt”
F I G U R E 5 in Estimating multiple years, tributary-specific, and overall Atlantic salmon smolt abundance in a large Canadian catchment using capture-mark-recapture experiments
F I G U R E 5 (left panels, a–e) Posterior distributions of the estimated annual catchability θt,k at each rotary screw trap (RST), (middle panels, f– h) posterior distributions of the annual smolt abundance estimates associated with each upstream RST (Nmt,i), (i) the total smolt abundance for the Restigouche catchment (Nmtot), and (right panels, j–m) posterior distributions of the annual relative proportions of the total smolt abundance t of the Restigouche catchment estimated for each upstream RST and for the unsampled areas (rest, bottom-right panel) using the Restigouche dataset. In the catchability panels (a–e), the dashed gray line is the median, and the light and dark gray areas indicate the 2.5th–97.5th and 25th– 75th interquantile ranges, respectively, of the hyperparameter μθ, that is, the average catchability of each RST of the time series. In the relative k proportions panels (f–i) the thick dashed colored line in the top three panels indicates the average proportion of the total catchment abundance estimated at the upstream RST. The thick dashed gray lines indicate the proportions of the Restigouche catchment wetted areas of the subbasins sampled at the upstream RST(j–l) and the wetted area for the remainder of the Restigouche catchment not sampled by any upstream RST (m); the proportions for the rest of the catchment area change over years based on the specific upstream RSTs that operated in a given year. For all panels, the colored dot is the median, and the thin and thick vertical segments indicate the 2.5th–97.5th and 25th–75th interquantile ranges, respectively.
F I G U R E 5 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea
F I G U R E 5 Rose diagrams depicting (a) the hour of the day and (b) the direction of currents () when Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts were initially detected at a unique acoustic receiver on monitoring line B. The green and blue arrows show the mean hour (a) and mean current direction (b) when post-smolts were initially detected respectively (Lilly et al., 2022). The orange and yellow bands (a) show the variation in sunrise and sunset times for the total period over which any post-smolts were detected on monitoring line B (ie. April 21st–June 20th).
F I G U R E 4 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea
F I G U R E 4 Heatmaps displaying the number of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts detected at each acoustic receiver on monitoring lines A and B (Figure 1) during the period of this study. The black stars show the location of each river (n = 11) where Atlantic salmon post-smolts originated. Rivers are grouped by coastal region where they entered the Irish Sea (Figure 1, (a) Region 1: Rivers Derwent, Nith, Bladnoch; (b) Region 2: Rivers Endrick, Gryffe; (c) Region 3: Rivers Bann, Bush, Carey, Glendun; (d) Region 4: Rivers Roe, Faughan).
F I G U R E 2 A in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea
F I G U R E 2 A boxplot plot displaying the dates (mm-dd) when Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts (n = 582) were last detected in their natal river/estuary (Rivers Endrick, Gryffe, Roe, Faughan) or coastal embayment (River Burrishoole) and entered the coastal zones of the Irish Sea or the west coast of Ireland (River Burrishoole; Figure 1: Clew Bay) and were detected on monitoring lines A and B (excluding the River Burrishoole Figure 1). In the boxplots, the centre line represents the median, the box encompasses the 25 to 75% quartiles, the bars are the values within 1.5 interquartile units and the dots represent outliers. It should be noted that the dates when smolts were tagged (represented by the dashed black line) differed in each river system. The thick black lines divide rivers into their coastal regions (see methods).
F I G U R E 1 Map displaying the 14 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea
F I G U R E 1 Map displaying the 14 capture sites in 12 rivers where Atlantic salmon smolts (n = 1008) were captured for tagging in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland for this study. In addition, 60 hatchery origin smolts were tagged and released in the River Burrishoole. The coastal region each river belongs to is referenced in brackets next to the river name. Where Region one (1) refers to the Solway Firth (Rivers Derwent, Nith, Bladnoch); Region two (2) refers to the Clyde Estuary (Rivers Endrick and Gryffe); Region three (3) refers to the Bush Coastal region (rivers Bann, Bush, Carey and Glendun); Region four (4), refers to Lough Foyle (rivers Roe and Faughan); Region five (5), refers to Clew Bay (River Burrishoole). Tagged fish release sites are represented by stars, and acoustic receivers (n = 183) are represented by gray dots. Marine monitoring lines (A and B) in the Irish Sea are labeled in alphabetical order from south to north. Twenty-two acoustic receivers were initially deployed at monitoring line A. One hundred and eight acoustic receivers were deployed at monitoring line B and are labeled in numerical order from the furthest west receiver (R1) on the monitoring line to the furthest east (R108). Refer to Figure S2 for the locations of acoustic receivers that were not retrieved from marine monitoring line A (n = 2) and B (n = 9).
F I G U R E 3 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea
F I G U R E 3 The binomial General Linear Model (GLM) model showing the effect of minimum migration distance (Distance [km]) from the exit of smolts natal river/estuary to monitoring line B on the probability of migration success (measured as minimum migration success) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt through the Irish Sea. The shaded region is the 95% confidence interval of the final model.
Figure 2 in Evidence of late migrant smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Loire-Allier System, France
Figure 2. - Smolt number observed in Poutès (pk = 890 km), Chanteuges (pk = 863 km) and Varades (pk = 132 km) in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Grey area represents period of no catch (see text for details).
Data from: Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and chain pickerel (Esox niger) identified as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt predators in a reservoir system
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Figure 1 in Evidence of late migrant smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Loire-Allier System, France
Figure 1. - Study area.
Data from: Caught in the surge: Effects of a pulse of suspended sediments from agricultural run-off on Atlantic salmon smolts
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Monitoring Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt migration in a large river system using environmental DNA
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Differential expression of olfactory genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the parr-smolt transformation
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Spatial variation in landlocked Atlantic Salmon smolt survival associated with dam passage, avian predation, and stocking location
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Coastal infrastructure alters behavior and increases predation mortality of threatened Puget Sound steelhead smolts
<p>Fundamental movements of migratory species can be substantially influenced by marine habitat disruptions caused by coastal infrastructure. The Hood Canal Bridge (HCB) spans the northern outlet of Hood Canal in the Salish Sea, extends 4.6 meters (15 ft) underwater, and forms a partial barrier for steelhead migrating from Hood Canal to the Pacific Ocean. Spatial mark-recapture survival models using acoustic telemetry data indicate that only 49% (2017; 95% CI = 40, 58%) and 56% (2018; 95% CI = 48, 65%) of the steelhead smolts encountering the HCB survived past the bridge and 7 km to the next array. We studied fine-scale movements of more than 300 steelhead smolts to understand how migration behavior was affected across the entire length of the HCB and to quantify spatial and temporal patterns of mortality. Individually coded acoustic telemetry transmitters implanted in juvenile steelhead were used in conjunction with an extensive array of acoustic receivers surrounding the HCB to obtain approximations of the path each steelhead took as they encountered the bridge structure. Steelhead survival past the HCB appeared unaffected by tidal stage, population-of-origin, approach location, current velocity, or time of day, but was influenced by week of bridge encounter. Behavioral data from transmitters with temperature and depth sensors ingested by predators are consistent with high levels of marine mammal predation. This study confirms the considerable impact of the HCB on ESA-listed steelhead smolt survival, and provides detailed information on the behavior of steelhead smolts and their predators at the HCB for use in planning recovery actions.</p>
Data from: Immune response genes and pathogen presence predict migration survival in wild salmon smolts
We present the first data to link physiological responses and pathogen presence with subsequent fate during migration of wild salmonid smolts. We tagged and non-lethally sampled gill tissue from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts as they left their nursery lake (Chilko Lake, BC, Canada) to compare gene expression profiles and freshwater pathogen loads with migration success over the first ~1150 km of their migration to the North Pacific Ocean using acoustic telemetry. Fifteen percent of smolts were never detected again after release and these fish had gene expression profiles consistent with an immune response to one or more viral pathogens compared with fish that survived their freshwater migration. Among the significantly up-regulated genes of the fish that were never detected post-release were MX (Interferon-induced GTP-binding Protein Mx) and STAT1 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta), which are characteristic of a type I interferon response to viral pathogens. The most commonly detected pathogen in the smolts leaving the nursery lake was infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Collectively, these data show that some of the fish assumed to have died after leaving the nursery lake appeared to be responding to one or more viral pathogens and had elevated stress levels that could have contributed to some of the mortality shortly after release. We present the first evidence that changes in gene expression may be predictive of some of the fresh water migration mortality in wild salmonid smolts.
Coastal infrastructure alters behavior and increases predation mortality of threatened Puget Sound steelhead smolts
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Data from: Immune response genes and pathogen presence predict migration survival in wild salmon smolts
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F I G U R E 2 in Estimating multiple years, tributary-specific, and overall Atlantic salmon smolt abundance in a large Canadian catchment using capture-mark-recapture experiments
F I G U R E 2 Schematic representation of the different capture–mark–recapture (CMR) events occurring in the Restigouche catchment in a given year. The letters C, M, and R correspond to the captured, marked, and recaptured fish, respectively. The total nonmarked smolt population Nmtot comprises four components: Kedgwick, Upsaquitch, and Matapedia abundance Nm, and the smolt abundance originating from the rest t 1:3,t of the catchment Nmrest. Note that the "rest" component can vary between years because not all rotary screw traps (RST) are operated annually. t Each year, each operating upstream RST is associated with a CMR experiment. Marked smolts in the upstream RSTs (Mt,1:3) can also be recaptured at the downstream RSTs (Rt,1:5). Each downstream RST samples an unknown fraction of the total population of smolts migrating out of the catchment. Due to the low number of recaptures at the downstream RSTs, it is not possible to estimate this fraction, and it is confounded with the catchabilities at the downstream RSTs. Variables in square boxes are known, and variables in round boxes are unknown.
Coldwater fish in a warm water world: implications for predation of salmon smolts during estuary transit
<p>Predator-prey systems face intensifying pressure from human exploitation and a warming climate with implications for where and how natural resource management can successfully intervene. We hypothesized young salmon migrating to the Pacific Ocean face a seasonally intensifying predator gauntlet when warming water temperature intensifies a multiple predator effect (MPE) from Striped Bass Morone saxatilis, and Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. We evaluated this hypothesis using data synthesis and simulation modeling. 2. Contemporary studies based on acoustically-tagged fish reaffirmed older observations that Chinook Salmon smolts must transit the Delta before water temperature reaches 20°C or mortality will be nearly 100%. Striped Bass attack rates on tethered smolts were insensitive to distance from shore and water temperature whereas Largemouth Bass attack rates were highest near shorelines in warm water, supporting the temporal aspect of the hypothesis. Whether the combined effects of the two predators produces an MPE remains unconfirmed due to limitations on quantifying salmon behavior. 4. We used multiple simulation models to try to reconstruct the empirical relationship between smolt survival and water temperature. Simulations reinforced attack rate results, but could not recreate the temperature dependence in smolt survival except at higher than observed temperatures. We propose three hypotheses for why and recommend discerning among them should be a focus of research. 5. We found significant linear relationships between monthly mean inflow to the Delta from each of its two largest tributaries and monthly mean water temperatures along associated salmon migration routes, but these relationships can be nonlinear, with most of the correlation occurring at low inflows when water temperature is largely controlled by air temperature and day length. As the global climate warms, changed circumstances in predator-prey relationships may present important challenges when managing species vulnerable to extinction in addition to presently more abundant species. --</p>
Coldwater fish in a warm water world: implications for predation of salmon smolts during estuary transit
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