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35 results for “social polymorphism”
FIGURE 1 in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURE 1. Summary cladogram of Anelosimus species based on Agnarsson (2005, 2006). The approximate placement of the 'agnar group' (A. agnar n. sp. and A. linda n. sp.), indicated with an arrow, is based on preliminary molecular data (Agnarsson unpublished). Alternatively the agnar group may belong to the filiform embolus clade. In Agnarsson (2005, 2006) A. sp. 2 Tanzania = A. biglebowski n. sp, A. sp. 3 Tanzania = A. dude n. sp., A. sp. 4 Singapore = A. kohi Yoshida, 1993, and A. sp. 5 South Africa = A. nelsoni n. sp. Preliminary morphological evidence such as filiform embolus, tegular ridge, and voluminous spermathecae (see Agnarsson 2006 for details) further indicate the placement of A. monskenyensis n. sp., A. sulawesi n. sp., A. chonganicus Zhu, 1998, A. crassipes (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906), A. dubius (Tullgren, 1910), A. exiguus Yoshida, 1986, A. iwawakiensis Yoshida, 1986, and A. taiwanicus Yoshida, 1986 in the 'filiform embolus clade'.
FIGURES 8A–F. Anelosimus dude n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 8A–F. Anelosimus dude n. sp., male pedipalpus (C conductor, E embolus, MA median apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis). A, dorsal; B, prolateral; C, prolateralventral; D, ventral, note a distinct groove in the tegulum (arrow); E, retrolateral; F, details of embolus and distal sclerites, caudoventral. Scale bars: A–E, 100 m; F, 50 m.
FIGURES 7A–G. Anelosimus biglebowski n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 7A–G. Anelosimus biglebowski n. sp. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epiandrous gland spigots, ventral; C, male opisthosoma, stridulatory picks; D, female opisthosoma, left stridulatory pick row, ventral; E, male prosomal stridulatory ridges, dorsal; F, colular setae (arrow); G, male femur I. Scale bars A–B, D, 20 m; C, G 100 m; D–E, 10 m.
Queen-worker conflict can drive the evolution of social polymorphism and split sex ratios in facultatively eusocial life-cycles
<p>Hamilton's idea that haplodiploidy favors the evolution of altruism – the haplodiploidy hypothesis -- relies on the relatedness asymmetry between the sexes, caused by the sex-specific ploidies. Theoretical work on the consequences of relatedness asymmetries has significantly improved our understanding of sex-allocation and intra-colony conflicts, but the importance of haplodiploidy for the evolution of altruism came to be seen as minor. However, recently it was shown that haplodiploidy can strongly favor the evolution of eusociality, provided additional "preadaptations" are also present, such as the production of multiple broods per season and maternal ability to bias offspring sex ratios. These results were obtained assuming no influence of workers on the sex ratio, even though worker control of the sex ratio is known to occur. Here we model the evolution of sex-specific fratricide as a mechanism of worker control over the sex ratio. We show that fratricide can facilitate the initial evolution of helping. However, fratricide can also hamper the evolution of unconditional help. Instead, social polymorphism evolves, a mixture of helping and dispersing offspring. Finally, we show that the co-evolution of sex-allocation strategies of workers (fratricide) and queens leads to a split production of the sexes, with some colonies specializing in males and others in females. Thus, the model predicts that fratricide spawns a diversity of co-existing life cycles that strongly vary in degree of sociality and sex ratios.</p>
Data from: Queen-worker ratio affects reproductive skew in a socially polymorphic ant
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Data from: Bidirectional shifts in colony queen number in a socially polymorphic ant population
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Data from: The influence of social structure on brood survival and development in a socially polymorphic ant: insights from a cross-fostering experiment
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Queen-worker conflict can drive the evolution of social polymorphism and split sex ratios in facultatively eusocial life-cycles
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Data from: The melanocortin system regulates body pigmentation and social behaviour in a colour polymorphic cichlid fish
The melanocortin system is a neuroendocrine system that regulates a range of physiological and behavioural processes. We examined the extent to which the melanocortin system simultaneously regulates colour and behaviour in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. We found that yellow males are more aggressive than blue males, in line with previous studies. We then found that exogenous α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) increases yellowness of the body and dispersal of xanthophore pigments in both morphs. However, α-MSH had a morph-specific effect on aggression, with only blue males showing an increase in the rate of aggression. Exogenous agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a melanocortin antagonist, did not affect coloration but reduced the rate of aggression in both colour morphs. Blue males had higher cortisol levels than yellow males. Neural gene expression of melanocortin receptors (mcr) and ligands was not differentially regulated between colour morphs. In the skin, however, mc1r and pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) β were upregulated in blue males, while asip 1 was upregulated in yellow males. The effects of α-MSH on behaviour and body coloration, combined with morph-specific regulation of the stress response and the melanocortin system, suggest that the melanocortin system contributes to the polymorphism in behaviour and coloration in A. burtoni.
Winter is coming: harsh environments limit independent reproduction of cooperative-breeding queens in a socially polymorphic ant
<p><span>Animals that live in cooperative breeding groups frequently inhabit harsh environments. It is widely accepted that harsh environments hinder independent reproduction, and this constraint favours individuals staying in family groups. Yet the assumption that harsh ecological conditions reduce the success of members of cooperative breeding groups when breeding independently has not been experimentally tested. We addressed this shortcoming using the socially polymorphic Alpine silver ant, <i>Formica selysi</i>. This species has single-queen (independent breeders), and multiple-queen (cooperative breeders) colonies</span><span> coexisting within populations</span><span>. We placed newly mated queens emerging from each type of colony to breed alone in either a harsh or mild winter condition and recorded their </span>brood production and survival.<span> Queens emerging from single-queen colonies were unaffected by the winter condition and had higher survival and larger broods than queens from multiple-queen colonies. In contrast, queens from multiple-queen colonies had higher mortality after a harsh than after a mild winter. These results support the long-held assumption that harsh environments constrain independent reproduction of members of cooperative breeding groups. </span></p>
FIGURES 4A–B. Anelosimus agnar n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 4A–B. Anelosimus agnar n. sp., female with egg sac.
Winter is coming: harsh environments limit independent reproduction of cooperative-breeding queens in a socially polymorphic ant
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Data from: Polymorphism and division of labour in a socially complex ant: neuromodulation of aggression in the Australian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina
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Data from: The melanocortin system regulates body pigmentation and social behaviour in a colour polymorphic cichlid fish
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Simple inheritance, complex regulation: supergene-mediated fire ant social polymorphism
GEO Series GSE149726. Solenopsis invicta. 64 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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