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72 results for “soil fauna”
Text-fig. 3. Correlation of geological sections with Pleistocene deposits of the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – modern and fossil soils, 2 – loess-like loam, 3 – sandy clay, 4 – aleurites, 5 – horizontally laminated clays, 6 – brown loams, 7 – blue clays and loams, 8 – sands, 9 – gravels, 10 – mollusk shells, 11 – small mammal remains. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)
Text-fig. 3. Correlation of geological sections with Pleistocene deposits of the Mikhailovka quarry near Zheleznogorsk. 1 – modern and fossil soils, 2 – loess-like loam, 3 – sandy clay, 4 – aleurites, 5 – horizontally laminated clays, 6 – brown loams, 7 – blue clays and loams, 8 – sands, 9 – gravels, 10 – mollusk shells, 11 – small mammal remains.
Figure 1 Study area with 10 in Know your campus: salient research potential of prostigmatic soil mite fauna (Acariformes: Prostigmata, Endeostigmata) within university campus area
Figure 1 Study area with 10 sampling localities (nos. 1-10) and its border marked by black line.
Figure 4 in Deep soil floatation in Chile reveals diverse and mainly nameless fauna of endogean beetles (Coleoptera)
Figure 4. SEM images of endogean non-Staphylinidae beetles of Chile.
Figure 5 in Deep soil floatation in Chile reveals diverse and mainly nameless fauna of endogean beetles (Coleoptera)
Figure 5. SEM images of endogean rove beetles (Staphylinidae) of Chile.
Figure 3 in Deep soil floatation in Chile reveals diverse and mainly nameless fauna of endogean beetles (Coleoptera)
Figure 3. Endogean rove beetles (Staphylinidae) of Chile.
Figure 2 in Deep soil floatation in Chile reveals diverse and mainly nameless fauna of endogean beetles (Coleoptera)
Figure 2. Endogean non-Staphylinidae beetles of Chile.
Figure 5 in Structural characteristics of the soil fauna community in beach wetlands of the Poyang Lake region
Figure 5. Margalef index (D) of soil fauna community at different sampling sites.
Earthworm invasion causes declines across soil fauna size classes and biodiversity facets in northern North American forests
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Data from: Soil fauna trophic multifunctionality mediates the release of elements from decomposing typhoon generated leaf litter
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Decline in diversity of tropical soil fauna under experimental warming
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Biodiversity - Fauna - Soil Fauna - Cub Hill Forest Earthworms
Cub Hill forest EW metadata Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent forest plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area. The goal of the soil invertebrate survey was to compare community composition and abundance of soil macrofauna, primarily earthworms (Oligochatea), terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), and millipedes (Diplopoda). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39�19'28.14"N, 76�42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39�19'31.24"N, 76�42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39�18'1.32"N, 76�41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39�18'5.42"N, 76�41'34.15"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39�28'51.11"N, 76�41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39�28'51.32"N, 76�41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39�29'12.74"N, 76�41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39�29'12.68"N, 76�41'18.62"W Soil arthropods were sampled between November 1999 and 2000 using pitfall traps. At each plot a total of ten traps were placed which were emptied monthly. Earthworms were sampled using a combination of formalin solution (Raw 1954) and mustard suspension. 50cm x 50cm quadrats were used. Earthworms samples were taken is spring, summer and fall 1999, 2000, and 2002. In addition
Biodiversity - Fauna - Soil Fauna - Earthworm Localities
Earthworm localities Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent forest plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area. The goal of the soil invertebrate survey was to compare community composition and abundance of soil macrofauna, primarily earthworms (Oligochatea), terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), and millipedes (Diplopoda). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39�19'28.14"N, 76�42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39�19'31.24"N, 76�42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39�18'1.32"N, 76�41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39�18'5.42"N, 76�41'34.15"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39�28'51.11"N, 76�41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39�28'51.32"N, 76�41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39�29'12.74"N, 76�41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39�29'12.68"N, 76�41'18.62"W Soil arthropods were sampled between November 1999 and 2000 using pitfall traps. At each plot a total of ten traps were placed which were emptied monthly. Earthworms were sampled using a combination of formalin solution (Raw 1954) and mustard suspension. 50cm x 50cm quadrats were used. Earthworms samples were taken is spring, summer and fall 1999, 2000, and 2002. In addition several
Biodiversity - Fauna - Soil Fauna - Relative frequency of soil arthropod groups at Cub Hill
Relative frequency of soil arthropod groups at Cub Hill Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent forest plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area. The goal of the soil invertebrate survey was to compare community composition and abundance of soil macrofauna, primarily earthworms (Oligochatea), terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), and millipedes (Diplopoda). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39deg19'28.14degN, 76deg42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39deg19'31.24degN, 76deg42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39deg18'1.32"N, 76deg41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39deg18'5.42"N, 76deg41'34.15"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39deg28'51.11"N, 76deg41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39deg28'51.32"N, 76deg41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39deg29'12.74"N, 76deg41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39deg29'12.68"N, 76deg41'18.62"W Soil arthropods were sampled between November 1999 and 2000 using pitfall traps. At each plot a total of ten traps were placed which were emptied monthly. Earthworms were sampled using a combination of formalin solution (Raw 1954) and mustard suspension. 50cm x 50cm quadrats were used. Earthworms samples were tak
Biodiversity - Fauna - Soil Fauna - Relative frequency of terrestrial isopod species in urban and rural forests
Relative frequency of terrestrial isopod species in urban and rural forests Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent forest plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area. The goal of the soil invertebrate survey was to compare community composition and abundance of soil macrofauna, primarily earthworms (Oligochatea), terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), and millipedes (Diplopoda). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39�19'28.14"N, 76�42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39�19'31.24"N, 76�42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39�18'1.32"N, 76�41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39�18'5.42"N, 76�41'34.15"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39�28'51.11"N, 76�41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39�28'51.32"N, 76�41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39�29'12.74"N, 76�41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39�29'12.68"N, 76�41'18.62"W Soil arthropods were sampled between November 1999 and 2000 using pitfall traps. At each plot a total of ten traps were placed which were emptied monthly. Earthworms were sampled using a combination of formalin solution (Raw 1954) and mustard suspension. 50cm x 50cm quadrats were used. Earthworms samples were taken is spring, su
Data from: Decomposition of leaf litter mixtures across biomes: The role of litter identity, diversity and soil fauna
<p class="CxSpFirst">1. At broad spatial scales, the factors regulating litter decomposition remain ambiguous, with the understanding of these factors largely based on studies investigating site-specific single litter species, whereas studies using multi litter species mixtures across sites are rare.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">2. We exposed in microcosms containing single species and all possible mixtures of four leaf litter species differing widely in initial chemical and physical characteristics from a temperate forest to the climatic conditions of four different forests across the northern hemisphere for one year.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">3. Calcium, magnesium and condensed tannins predicted litter mass loss of single litter species and mixtures across forest types and biomes, regardless of species richness and microarthropod presence. However, relative mixture effects differed among forest types and varied with the access to the litter by microarthropods. Access to the microcosms by microarthropods modified the decomposition of individual litter species within mixtures, which differed among forest types independent of litter species richness and composition of litter mixtures. However, soil microarthropods generally only little affected litter decomposition.</p> <p>4. <i>Synthesis</i>. We conclude that litter identity is the dominant driver of decomposition across different forest types and the non-additive litter mixture effects vary among biomes despite identical leaf litter chemistry. These results suggest that across large spatial scales the environmental context of decomposing litter mixtures, including microarthropod communities, determine the decomposition of litter mixtures besides strong litter trait based effects.</p>
Data from: Microplastics negatively affect soil fauna but stimulate microbial activity: insights from a field-based microplastic addition experiment
<p>Microplastics are recognized as an emerging contaminant worldwide. Although microplastics have been shown to strongly affect organisms in aquatic environments, less is known about whether and how microplastics can affect different taxa within a soil community, and it is unclear whether these effects can cascade through soil food webs. By conducting a microplastic manipulation experiment, i.e. adding low-density polyethylene fragments in the field, we found that microplastic addition significantly affected the composition and abundance of microarthropod and nematode communities. Contrary to soil fauna, we found only small effects of microplastics on the biomass and structure of soil microbial communities. Nevertheless, structural equation modeling revealed that the effects of microplastics strongly cascade through the soil food webs, leading to the modification of microbial functioning with further potential consequences on soil carbon and nutrient cycling. Our results highlight that taking into account the effects of microplastics at different trophic levels is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the ecological impacts of microplastic pollution on soil functioning.</p>
Data from: Nutrient scarcity strengthens soil fauna control over leaf litter decomposition in tropical rainforests
Soil fauna is a key control of the decomposition rate of leaf litter, yet its interactions with litter quality and the soil environment remain elusive. We conducted a litter decomposition experiment across different topographic levels within the landscape replicated in two rainforest sites providing natural gradients in soil fertility to test the hypothesis that low nutrient availability in litter and soil increases the strength of fauna control over litter decomposition. We crossed these data with a large dataset of 44 variables characterizing the biotic and abiotic microenvironment of each sampling point and found that microbe-driven Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) losses from leaf litter were 10.1 and 17.9 % lower, respectively, in the nutrient-poorest site but this among-site difference was equalized when meso- and macrofauna had access to the litterbags. Further, on average soil fauna enhanced the rate of litter decomposition by 22.6%, and this contribution consistently increased as nutrient availability in the microenvironment declined. Our results indicate that nutrient scarcity increases the importance of soil fauna on C and N cycling in tropical rainforests. Further, soil fauna is able to equalize differences in microbial decomposition potential thus buffering to a remarkable extent nutrient shortages at an ecosystem level.
Dataset and R scripts for "Microbial response to soil fauna exclusion"
<p>R scripts and corresponding data for producing the figures are provided here. Source data descriptions are provided within the file.</p>
Data from: Diversity and functionality of soil fauna
<p>The goal of this study was to assess the recovery of soil micro-arthropods in different periods, in heathlands. </p> <p><br> Study area and sampling strategy <br> All studied plots were located in the Veluwe area, a large nature area central in the Netherlands, consisting of extended forests and heathlands. The area has a humid Atlantic climate with an average temperature of 3.1 °C in January and 17.9 °C in July and an annual precipitation of 950 mm more or less spread evenly over the year (data from a 30-year period). For our research we needed detailed management information, which was obtained from two nature management organizations: National Park De Hoge Veluwe (52°05’N, 5°50’E) and the municipality of Nunspeet (52°23’N, 5°47’E). Both organizations keep detailed records on heathland management making it possible to select plots that have been sod-cut only once in a given year, without additional management ever since. <br> At the Hoge Veluwe area we selected 5 plots (uncut and cut 40, 7and 2 years before sampling) and at the Nunspeet area we selected 10 plots (uncut and cut 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 18, 16, 12 years before sampling. Soil type on all plots is a spodic dystrudept (Soil Survey Staff, 1999), developed on the gentle slope of push moraine ridges with some cover sand on top. The parent material is coarse sandy with 13-18% of loam in the deeper soil layers. Topsoil has been extensively leached, creating a more spodic tophorizon, resembling the one of an orthod. Humus form is originally moderlike, but contains also larger proportions of amorphous organic compounds leaching into the B-horizon as seen in orthods. Organic matter in the topsoil (0-10 cm.) is 5.5 ± 2.5%, pH[NaCl] is 3.6 ± 0.7 on average over all plots. </p> <p>Soil micro-arthropod and soil chemical sampling<br> All plots were sampled on 8 March 2019, taking four cores per plot. Cores were 5 cm Ø and 5 cm deep mineral soil plus upper litter. Cores were taken in the middle of the plots, 1 m apart of each other. Cores were extracted on a Tullgren funnel for 7 days. During that period temperature was increased from 35 to 45 °C. Ethanol 70% was used as preservative and micro-arthropods obtained were put into lactic acid 40% for clarification and identification (Siepel and van de Bund 1988). All micro-arthropods from the Tullgren funnel were identified at the species level using appropriate keys. Nomenclature and identification for the main groups is according to Weigmann (2006) for Oribatida, Karg (1993) for Gamasina and Karg (1989) for Uropodina.<br> The soil core samples were taken to measure environmental variables after extraction of the soil micro-arthropods. These air-dried soil samples were sieved to 1 mm. Soil chemistry variables used in our analysis included soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, moisture, pH [NaCl], available phosphorus (P-Olsen). The pH of the solution was measured immediately using a combined pH electrode after mixing fresh soil with NaCl solution. The soil phosphorus (P-Olsen) was determined using extraction with sodium bicarbonate (Olsen et al., 1954).</p> <p><br> We have two data files: <br> sod cutting environment factor.csv<br> sod cutting microarthropods.csv</p> <p>Explanation of the variables in the datasets:<br> Area: Nunspeet, Hoge Veluwe<br> year: sod cutting happened in which year<br> Feeding: B, FB, FG, HG, OHF, H, HB, HG,O, P</p> <p>B: browsers<br> FB:Fungivorous browsers<br> FG:Fungivorous grazers<br> HG:Herbofungivorous grazers<br> OHF: Opportunistic Herbofungivorous<br> H: herbofungivores<br> HB: Herbivorous browsers<br> HG: Herbivorous grazers<br> O: Omnivores<br> P: Predators</p> <p>pH: The pH of the solution was measured immediately using a combined pH electrode after mixing fresh soil with NaCl solution. <br> moisture %: percentage moisture of the soil sample <br> org matter %: percentage organic matter of the soil sample<br> N (mg/g): total nitrogen concentration of the soil sample<br> C (mg/g): total carbon concentration of the soil sample<br> mol P per kgram dry soil: The soil phosphorus (P-Olsen) was determined using extraction with sodium bicarbonate (Olsen et al., 1954).<br> C/N ratio: ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen in the soil sample</p>
From: Soil fauna accelerate litter mixture decomposition globally, especially in dry environments
<p>More than half of net primary production in terrestrial ecosystems returns to the soil through leaf litter fall and decomposition. In terrestrial ecosystems, litter constitutes a mixture of mainly senescent foliage from multiple species. Yet, the effect of litter mixing on litter decomposition rate remains ambiguous. Quantification of the soil fauna contribution and inclusion of their interaction with litter could remove the prevailing ambiguity, as soil fauna might influence the direction and magnitude of litter mixture effects on decomposition.</p> <p>We carried out a global meta-analysis to elucidate how soil fauna influenced litter mixture decomposition rate based on 55 published studies with 873 fauna inclusion/exclusion comparisons in field litterbag experiments. We hypothesized that soil fauna inclusion in litter mixture experiments would cause a positive change in the magnitude of mixed litter decomposition. That is, the presence of soil fauna would lead to synergistic litter mixture effects while the absence of soil fauna would lead to antagonistic litter mixture effects. Furthermore, we hypothesized that soil fauna would have a greater positive impact on the litter mixture effect in environments with low precipitation.</p> <p>While litter mixture had a neutral effect on decomposition on average across studies, non-additive mixture effects were common, with a key role for soil fauna, which generally enhanced decomposition rate compared to the component single species litters. In contrast, fauna exclusion resulted in a diminished decomposition rate overall. The overall synergistic soil fauna effect on litter mixture decomposition increased under low precipitation. Under high precipitation, the litter mixture effect was positive in the absence of soil fauna but non-significant in the presence of fauna. Climate imposes a great effect on litter mixture, with synergistic effects increasing towards the equator.</p> <p>Synthesis: These results highlight the importance of soil fauna in mixed litter decomposition, most strongly in dry environments. In this era of global climate change, where some regions are projected to become drier, soil fauna might compensate the expected slower decomposition of litter by increasingly enhancing litter mixture decomposition. </p>
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