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100 results for “soil fungi”
Fig. 3 in Isolation of native strains of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural soils of northeastern Mexico and their virulence on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 3. Changes in the metamorphosis of Spodoptera exigua caused by isolates (HEB1, HIB-12) and collection strains (GHA, Ma) of entomopathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions (26 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 14:10 h [L:D] photoperiod). (A) HEB1 (Beauveria bassiana); (B) GHA (Beauveria bassiana); (C) HIB-12 (Metharizium anisopliae); (D) Ma (Metharizium anisopliae). Lines in the bars indicate the standard error.
Fig. 2 in Isolation of native strains of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural soils of northeastern Mexico and their virulence on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 2. Interruption of the metamorphosis of Spodoptera exigua caused by isolates (HEB1, HIB-12) and collection strains (GHA, Ma) of entomopathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions (26 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 14:10 h [L:D] photoperiod). Lines in the bars indicate the standard error.
Fig. 1 in Isolation of native strains of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural soils of northeastern Mexico and their virulence on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree reconstructed from internal transcribed spacer sequences of the isolates compared with referenced internal transcribed spacer sequences deposited in the NCBI GenBank. The phylogram size bar represents a 1% sequence divergence. Labelled branches represent referenced internal transcribed spacer sequences.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots and soil respond differently to biotic and abiotic factors in the Serengeti
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Data from: Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more sensitive to high soil nitrogen levels in forests exposed to nitrogen deposition
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Metadata from: Rhizosphere bacteria and fungi are differentially structured by host plants, soil mineralogy and ectomycorrhizal communities in the Alaskan tundra
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Soil extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA.
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of soil extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). In addition, we measured microbial allocation to complex C degrading oxidative enzymes phenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils during the growing season in 2016.
Soil fungi and fine root biomass mediate drought-induced reductions in soil respiration
<p>Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of droughts, with potential impacts on carbon (C) release from soil (i.e., soil respiration, Rs). Although numerous studies have investigated drought-induced changes in Rs, how roots and the soil microbial community regulate responses of Rs to drought remains unclear.</p> <p>We conducted a 4-year field experiment (2014 - 2017) with three treatments (i.e., 70% rainfall reduction, control and ambient) in a subtropical forest to examine effects of drought on Rs and its components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh)] and explore the mechanisms underlying these effects.</p> <p>Drought significantly decreased Rs by 17% averaged over the 4 years, but it had no significant effect in the first experimental year. The decrease in Rs was mediated by soil fungi and fine root biomass. Fine root biomass was correlated negatively with Ra and Rs under drought, but positively in the control treatment. Furthermore, drought treatments increased physiological stress in the bacterial community. Microclimate, root biomass, and microbial biomass jointly explained 79% and 65% of the variance in Rs for the control and drought treatments, respectively. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicated that microclimate affected Rs via its impact on fine root biomass and (under drought conditions) on fungal biomass.</p> <p>Our results highlight the complex interactions between microclimate, roots and soil microbes in regulating Rs under drought in subtropical forest ecosystems. Incorporating these interactions into land surface models may improve predictions of climate change impacts on forest ecosystems.</p>
Belowground fungi, soil, and root chemistry in tropical landuse systems
<p>The data were collected in the humid tropical climate on Sumatra (Indonesia) in rain forests, in jungle rubber (rubber planted into forests), in rubber, and oil palm plantations. A total of 44 plots were sampled. The data set consists of two tables. The table Environmental_data contains plot information, geographic coordinates of the plots, and data on soil properties (pH, nitrogen, carbon, C/N, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, phosporous, soil resource index, soil PC1, soil PC2) and on root traits (biomass, nitrogen, carbon, C/N, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, phosporous, root resource index, root PC1, soil PC, root vitality). Table 2 contain abundance data (OTU counts) for fungi associated with roots or with soil and their phylogenetic and functional assignments.</p>
Data from: Environmental filtering by pH and soil nutrients drives community assembly in fungi at fine spatial scales
Whether niche processes, like environmental filtering, or neutral processes, like dispersal limitation, are the primary forces driving community assembly is a central question in ecology. Here, we use a natural experimental system of isolated tree "islands" to test whether environment or geography primarily structures fungal community composition at fine spatial scales. This system consists of isolated pairs of two distantly-related, congeneric pine trees established at varying distances from each other and the forest edge, allowing us to disentangle the effects of geographic distance versus host and edaphic environment on associated fungal communities. We identified fungal community composition with Illumina sequencing of ITS amplicons, measured all relevant environmental parameters for each tree - including tree age, size, and soil chemistry - and calculated geographic distances from each tree to all others and to the nearest forest edge. We applied generalized dissimilarity modeling to test whether total and ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities were primarily structured by geographic or environmental filtering. Our results provide strong evidence that, as in many other organisms, niche and neutral processes both contribute significantly to turnover in community composition in fungi, but environmental filtering plays the dominant role in structuring both free-living and symbiotic fungal communities at fine spatial scales. In our study system, we found pH and organic matter primarily drive environmental filtering in total soil fungal communities and that pH and cation exchange capacity – and, surprisingly, not host species - were the largest factors affecting EMF community composition. These findings support an emerging paradigm that pH may play a central role in the assembly of all soil mediated systems.
Data from: Soil fungi underlie a phylogenetic pattern in plant growth responses to nitrogen enrichment
1. Under increasing anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition, some plant species will thrive while others will not. Previous work has shown that plant phylogeny can predict these responses, and that interactions with mycorrhizal fungi are a mechanism that drives variation in plant responses to N enrichment. Yet, much of this work has ignored the roles of other root-associated fungi and whole soil fungal communities in driving these responses. 2. We tested whether soil fungi mediate responses of plant growth and plant-soil feedbacks (between close and distant plant relatives) to N enrichment by implementing a greenhouse experiment in which we applied factorial treatments of N fertilization, host-specific soil inocula, and fungicide to 15 eucalypt tree species that co-occur on the island state of Tasmania, Australia and form two phylogenetic lineages within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus. 3. Conspecific-conditioned soil fungi enhanced growth responses to N enrichment for plants within one lineage (lineage 1) but depressed growth responses to N enrichment for plants within another lineage (lineage 2). Lineage-specific shifts in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization were consistent with previous evidence that more vs. less successful strategies under N enrichment are those where carbon allocation to mycorrhizal fungi is reduced vs. maintained, respectively. The latter was also accompanied by a stronger reduction in root colonization of non-filamentous fungi (of unknown function) under N enrichment. Plant-soil feedbacks were neutral for lineage 1 but negative for lineage 2 (i.e., greater growth in soils conditioned by opposite vs. same lineage individuals), but were not altered by N enrichment or fungicide. Lineage-level differences in root colonization suggest that these feedbacks could be driven by differential plant responsiveness to dark septate endophytes and non-filamentous fungi, the colonization of which seemed to benefit plant growth. 4. Our results confirm that interactions with soil fungi (ECM fungi in particular) underlie phylogenetic patterns in tree species' growth responses to N enrichment and may thus influence which plants win or lose under future N deposition scenarios. Yet, we provide some of the first evidence (albeit from controlled rather than natural conditions) that N deposition may not play a strong role in shifting plant-soil feedbacks.
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
<p>Most plants form root hyphal relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These associations are known to positively impact plant biomass and competitive ability. However, less is known about how mycorrhizae may impact other ecological interactions, such as those mediated by pollinators.</p> <p>We performed a meta-regression of studies that manipulated AMF and measured traits related to pollination, including floral display, rewards, visitation, and reproduction, extracting 63 studies with 423 effects.</p> <p>On average, the presence of mycorrhizae was associated with positive effects on floral traits. Specifically, we found impacts of AMF on floral display, pollinator visitation and reproduction, and a positive but non-significant impact on rewards. Studies manipulating mycorrhizae with fungicide tended to report contrasting results, possibly because fungicide destroys both beneficial and pathogenic microbes.</p> <p>Our study highlights the potential for relationships with mycorrhizal fungi to play an important, yet underrecognized role in plant-pollinator interactions. With heightened awareness of the need for a more sustainable agricultural industry, mycorrhizal fungi may offer the opportunity to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. At the same time, fungicides are now ubiquitous in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates indirect ways in which plant-belowground fungal partnerships could manifest in plant-pollinator interactions.</p>
Data for: Rewilding soil and litter invertebrates and fungi increases decomposition rates and alters detritivore communities
<p>Habitat degradation and associated reductions in ecosystem functions can be reversed by reintroducing or 'rewilding' keystone species. Rewilding projects have historically targeted restoration of processes such as grazing regimes or top-down predation effects. Few projects focus on restoring decomposition efficiency, despite the pivotal role decomposition plays in global carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. Here, we tested whether rewilding entire communities of detritivorous invertebrates and fungi can improve litter decomposition efficiency and restore detritivore communities during ecological restoration. Rewilding was conducted by transplanting leaf litter and soil, including associated invertebrate and fungal communities from species-rich remnant sites into species-poor, and geographically isolated, revegetated farmland sites in a temperate woodland region of southeastern Australia. We compared communities in sites under the following treatments: remnant (conservation area and source of litter transplant), rewilded revegetation (revegetated farmland site with litter transplant), and control revegetation (revegetated site, no transplant). In one 'before' and three 'after' sampling periods, we measured litter decomposition and the abundance and diversity of detritivorous invertebrates and fungi. We quantified the effect of detritivores on the rate of litter decomposition using piecewise Structural Equation Modelling. Decomposition was significantly faster in rewilding sites than in both control and remnant areas, and was largely driven by a greater abundance of invertebrate detritivores. Similarly, the abundance of invertebrate detritivores in rewilding revegetation sites exceeded the level of remnant communities, whereas there was little difference between control and remnant sites. In contrast, rewilding did not increase saprotrophic fungi relative abundance/diversity and there was no strong relationship between decomposition and fungal diversity. Our findings suggest the relatively simple act of transplanting leaf litter and soil can increase functional efficiency during restoration and alter community composition. Our methods may prove important across a range of contexts where other restoration methods have failed to restore ecosystem processes to pre-degradation levels.</p>
Mineral nitrogen nutrition of Fagus sylvatica L roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi in native forest soil
<p>The aim of this study was to examine the transcription-level response of a symbiotic system comformed by the host tree <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L (European beech) and the root-associated mycobiota to fluctuations in ammonium and nitrate availability in the soil. The experiment was conducted with young trees grown at a natural regeneration forest. We used <sup>15</sup>N stable isotopes in combination with DNA-based and RNA-based molecular methods and Illumina sequencing.</p> <p>We report data on the beech root-associated fungal community structure obtained by metabarcoding of the fungal ITS2 region, transcriptome data from the fungal community associated to the tree roots, and transcriptome data from <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L in response to ammonium or nitrate application to the soil. We also report data from soil ammonium-N, soil-nitrate-N, tree and soil dry mass, root 15N, root N, root C, root carbohydrates, root ammonium-N, root nitrate-N, soil pH, and climate data from the experiment.</p>
Decay by ectomycorrhizal fungi couples soil organic matter to nitrogen availability
<p>Interactions between soil nitrogen (N) availability, fungal community composition, and soil organic matter (SOM) regulate soil carbon (C) dynamics in many forest ecosystems, but context dependency in these relationships has precluded general predictive theory. We found that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi with peroxidases decreased with increasing inorganic N availability across a natural inorganic N gradient in northern temperate forests, whereas ligninolytic fungal saprotrophs exhibited no response. Lignin-derived SOM and soil C were negatively correlated with ECM fungi with peroxidases and were positively correlated with inorganic N availability, suggesting decay of lignin-derived SOM by these ECM fungi reduced soil C storage. The correlations we observed link SOM decay in temperate forests to tradeoffs in tree N nutrition and ECM composition, and we propose SOM varies along a single continuum across temperate and boreal ecosystems depending upon how tree allocation to functionally distinct ECM taxa and environmental stress covary with soil N availability.</p>
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities shaped by host-plant affect the outcome of plant-soil feedback in dryland restoration
<p><span>1. Plant inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be a useful tool to overcome challenges in dry forest restoration. However, advances are still needed to guide choices regarding soil origin and inoculum production methods, since outcomes can vary due to plant-soil feedbacks (PSF). We evaluate how soil origin and host plant used for inoculum production affect AMF community and therefore the plant biomass accumulation and functional traits.</span></p> <p><span>2. In the conditioning phase, we investigated whether soils originating from a recovered area (Quarry) and a vegetation fragment (Caatinga) would have their AMF communities modified due to the growth of </span><span>Sorghum bicolor</span><span> (used for inoculum production) and </span><span>Senna uniflora</span><span> (used in Brazilian semiarid restoration). In the feedback phase, we compared the performance of four plants species growing on a degraded soil and inoculated or not by a mixture of AMF isolates in comparison to soil inoculum prepared from the conditioning phase.</span></p> <p><span>3. The inoculum from Caatinga presented seven times more AMF species compared to that from the Quarry, which presented ruderal and stress tolerant species. The soil inoculum conditioned by </span><span>S. uniflora</span><span>, regardless of origin, presented greater evenness compared to the soil inoculum produced with </span><span>S. bicolor</span><span> and promoted 33% more plant biomass compared to the control without inoculation. Root colonization by AMF increased PSF and decreased plant investment in functional traits such as specific root length (SRL) and specific leaf area (SLA).</span></p> <p><span>4. Our results demonstrate the importance of adopting strategies that preserve local adaptation of inoculants produced. The use of native plant for propagation of native AMF in the conditioning phase provided more positive responses for </span><span>Mesosphaerum suaveolens</span><span> and </span><span>Rhaphiodon echinus</span><span> than inoculated with introduced AMF isolates. This is probably due to the interaction of inoculated plants with responsive AMF present in the soil.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis and applications</span><span>:</span><span> Our study shows that conditioning field-collected soil with </span><span>S. uniflora</span><span> and using it for inoculation can be a simple technique to promote biomass accumulation for other native herbaceous species. This preserves the compatibility between the soil inoculum produced with native AMF and native plants, representing an important tool for restoration programs</span><span>. </span></p>
Temporal dynamics of soil fungi in a pyrodiverse dry-sclerophyll forest
<p class="MsoNormal">Fire is a major evolutionary and ecological driver that shapes biodiversity in forests. While above-ground community responses to fire have been well-documented, those below-ground are much less understood. However, below-ground communities, including fungi, play key roles in forests and facilitate the recovery of other organisms after fire. Here, we used internal transcribed spacer (ITS) meta-barcoding data from forests with three different times since fire [short (3 years), medium (13–19 years) and long (>26 years)] to characterize the temporal responses of soil fungal communities across functional groups, ectomycorrhizal exploration strategies and inter-guild associations. Our findings indicate that fire effects on fungal communities are strongest in the short to medium term, with clear distinctions between communities in forests with a short time (3 years) since fire, a medium time (13–19 years) and a long time (>26 years) since fire. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were disproportionately impacted by fire relative to saprotrophs, but the direction of the response varied depending on morphological structures and exploration strategies. For instance, short-distance ectomycorrhizal fungi increased with recent fire, while medium-distance (fringe) ectomycorrhizal fungi decreased. Further, we detected strong, negative inter-guild associations between ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi but only at medium and long times since fire. Given the functional significance of fungi, the temporal changes in fungal composition, inter-guild associations and functional groups after fire demonstrated in our study may have functional implications that require adaptive management to curtail.</p>
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
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Stimulated saprotrophic fungi in arable soil extend their activities to the rhizosphere and root microbiomes of crop seedlings
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The hidden potential of saprotrophic fungi in arable soil: Patterns of short-term stimulation by organic amendments
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