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Fig. 17 in Freshwater Shrimps from Karst Caves of Southern China, with Descriptions of Seven New Species and the Identity of Typhlocaridina linyunensis Li and Luo, 2001 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Fig. 17. Caridina laticarpalis sp. nov. (A) first pereiopod, (B) second pereiopod, (C) third pereiopod, (D) dactylus of third pereiopod, (E) fifth pereiopod, (F) dactylus of fifth pereiopod, (G) male first pleopod, (H) endopod of male first pleopod, (I) appendix masculina and appendix interna of male second pleopod. Scale bars: A-C, E = 1.0; D, F, H-J = 0.2 mm; G = 0.5 mm. (male, cl 4.3 mm, holotype, IZCAS DE 5040).

Fig. 15 in Freshwater Shrimps from Karst Caves of Southern China, with Descriptions of Seven New Species and the Identity of Typhlocaridina linyunensis Li and Luo, 2001 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Fig. 15. Caridina guilin sp. nov. (A) cephalothorax and cephalic appendages, lateral view, (B) distal portion of telson, (C) first pereiopod, (D) second pereiopod, (E) third pereiopod, (F) endopod of male first pleopod, (G) appendix masculina and appendix interna of male second pleopod, (H) uropodal diaeresis, (I) dactylus of third pereiopod. Scale bars: A, C-E = 1.0 mm; B, F-I = 0.2 mm. (male, cl 4.3 mm, paratype, ZRC 2018.0485).

Fig. 13 in Freshwater Shrimps from Karst Caves of Southern China, with Descriptions of Seven New Species and the Identity of Typhlocaridina linyunensis Li and Luo, 2001 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Fig. 13. Caridina jiangkou sp. nov., (A) cephalothorax and cephalic appendages, lateral view, (B) distal portion of telson, (C) third maxilliped, (D) first pereiopod, (E) second pereiopod, (F) third pereiopod, (G) dactylus of third pereiopod, (H) fifth pereiopod, (I) dactylus of fifth pereiopod, (J) endopod of male first pleopod, (K) appendix masculina and appendix interna of male second pleopod, (L) uropodal diaeresis, M, posterior spine of telson. Scale bars: A, C-J = 1.0 mm; B = 0.2 mm; K = 0.1 mm. (male, cl 4.7 mm, paratype, ZRC 2018.0484).

Fig. 20 in Freshwater Shrimps from Karst Caves of Southern China, with Descriptions of Seven New Species and the Identity of Typhlocaridina linyunensis Li and Luo, 2001 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Fig. 20. Caridina aff. heterodactyla Liang and Yan, 1985. (A) antennular peduncle, (B) scaphocerite, (C) third maxilliped, (D) first pereiopod, (E) second pereiopod, (F) third pereiopod, (G) dactylus of third pereiopod, (H) fifth pereiopod. Scale bars: A-F, H = 1.0 mm; G = 0.3 mm. (ovigerous female, cl 7.5 mm, ZRC).

FIGURES 31–34 in A new Eunotia (Bacillariophyta: Eunotiales) species from Karst formations of southern China

FIGURES 31–34. Eunotia sudeticiformis sp. nov. Narrow morphotype. SEM, internal views. 31. Whole valve view showing striae in trough–like openings in the center, but with individual areolae at the dorsal and ventral margins. Scale bar = 1 μm. 32, 33. Center of the valve showing areolae in one (Fig. 32) or two rows (Fig. 33) at the dorsal and ventral portions of the valve as well as in trough-like lines in the center. Scale bars = 1 μm. 34. Valve apex with helictoglossae and large rimportulae evident. Small spines can be seen on the exterior of the dorsal edge of the valve. Pseudoseptum is small at the apex. Scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 28–30 in A new Eunotia (Bacillariophyta: Eunotiales) species from Karst formations of southern China

FIGURES 28–30. Eunotia sudeticiformis sp. nov. Narrow morphotype. SEM, external views. 28. Whole valve showing striae in shallow troughs, distal raphe ends curved onto the valve face near the apex and small spines scattered along the dorsal margin. Scale bar = 1 μm. 29. Close up of valve center with each areola with a thickened rim that occludes the opening (compare with the few areolae without occlusions). Note that there are few short striae intercalated between the full-length striae on the dorsal margin. Scale bar = 1 μm. 30. Valve apex with distal raphe end barely curving onto the valve face. A few larger areolae are positioned near the raphe opening. The apex on the valve face is unornamented. On the mantle the rimoportula opening is evident. Scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 24–27 in A new Eunotia (Bacillariophyta: Eunotiales) species from Karst formations of southern China

FIGURES 24–27. Eunotia sudeticiformis sp. nov. Wider morphotype. SEM, internal views. 24, 25. Valve views, showing the striae are trough–like. Short striae between the regular striae are evident on the dorsal margin. Scale bars = 1 μm. 26. Valve apex with a single rimportula and helictoglossa evident. A pseudoseptum is present at the terminus. Scale bar = 1 μm. 27. Pseudoseptum, helictoglossa and grooved striae are evident at the terminus. Scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 19–23 in A new Eunotia (Bacillariophyta: Eunotiales) species from Karst formations of southern China

FIGURES 19–23. Eunotia sudeticiformis sp. nov. Wider morphotype. SEM, external views. 19. Valve view of entire valve, showing distal raphe ends extending slightly onto the valve face. Striae occur in narrow channels. Distinctly larger poroids are present near the distal raphe ends. Scale bar = 1 μm. 20. Valve apex showing areolae have thin, narrow rims. Two larger openings are evident near the distal raphe end. Scale bar = 1 μm. 21. Valve center with uniseriate striae that extend onto the dorsal mantle. A few short striae along the dorsal margin are interspersed amongst the rest of the striae. Areolae are bordered by a thin rim. Scale bar = 1 μm. 22. Girdle view showing the numerous cingula, each bearing several rows of small poroids. Striae are present on the mantle, and raphe has dilated proximal ends. Scale bar = 1 μm. 23. Closer view of valve in girdle view showing raphe branch, disorganized areolae near the raphe and distinct opening of the rimportula. Scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 1–18 in A new Eunotia (Bacillariophyta: Eunotiales) species from Karst formations of southern China

FIGURES 1–18. Eunotia sudeticiformis sp. nov. LM. Valve view, size diminution series. 1–9. Wider morphotype. 5. Holotype. 10–18. More narrow morphotype. Scale bar = 10 μm.

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Data from: Both temperature fluctuations and East Asian monsoons have driven plant diversification in the karst ecosystems from southern China

Karst ecosystems in southern China are species-rich and have high levels of endemism, yet little is known regarding the evolutionary processes responsible for the origin and diversification of karst biodiversity. The genus Primulina (Gesneriaceae) comprises ca. 170 species endemic to southern China with high levels of ecological (edaphic) specialization, providing an exceptional model to study the plant diversification in karsts. We used molecular data from nine chloroplast and 11 nuclear regions and macroevolutionary analyses to assess the origin and cause of species diversification due to paleoenvironmental changes and edaphic specialization in Primulina. We found that speciation was positively associated with changes in past temperatures and East Asian monsoons through the evolutionary history of Primulina. Climatic change around the mid-Miocene triggered an early burst followed by a slowdown of diversification rate towards the present with the climate cooling. We detected different speciation rates among edaphic types, and transitions among soil types were infrequently and did not impact the overall speciation rate. Our findings suggest that both global temperature changes and East Asian monsoons have played crucial roles in floristic diversification within the karst ecosystems in southern China, such that speciation was higher when climate was warmer and wetter. This is the first study to directly demonstrate that past monsoon activity is positively correlated with speciation rate in East Asia. This case study could motivate further investigations to assess the impacts of past environmental changes on the origin and diversification of biodiversity in global karst ecosystems, most of which are under threat.

Fig. 21 in Freshwater Shrimps from Karst Caves of Southern China, with Descriptions of Seven New Species and the Identity of Typhlocaridina linyunensis Li and Luo, 2001 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)

Fig. 21. Map with localities of cave shrimps found in China.

Figure 9 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 9 - Habitus of Tianeotrechus trisetosus Tian & Tang, gen. n., sp. n., holotype, male Scale bar: 2.0 mm, A enlarged right mandible to show the quadrisetose teeth

Figure 8 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 8 - Cave Dashi Dong, type locality of Dianotrechus gueorguievi Tian, gen. n., sp. n. A entrance, outside view B entrance, inside view C main passage.

Figure 7 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 7 - Habitus of Dianotrechus gueorguievi Tian, gen. n., sp. n., holotype, female Scale bar: 2.0 mm.

Figure 5 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 5 - Distribution of the trechine beetles a Dianotrechus gueorguievi Tian, gen. n., sp. n. b Shenaphaenops humeralis Uéno, 1999 c Shiqianaphaenops majusculus (Uéno, 1999), comb. n. d Tianeotrechus trisetosus Tian & Tang, gen. n., sp. n. e Huoyanodytes tujiaphilus Tian & Huang, sp. n. f Wanhuaphaenops zhangi Tian & Wang, gen. n., sp. n.

Figure 4 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 4 - Male genitalia A and C median lobe, lateral view B and D apical lobe, dorsal view A and B Shiqianaphaenops majusculus (Uéno, 1999), comb. n. C and D Shenaphaenops humeralis Uéno, 1999.

Figure 3 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 3 - Elytral chaetotaxy A Shiqianaphaenops majusculus (Uéno, 1999), comb. n. B Shenaphaenops humeralis Uéno, 1999 C Dianotrechus gueorguievi Tian, gen. n., sp. n. D Tianeotrechus trisetosus Tian & Tang, gen. n., sp. n. E Huoyanodytes tujiaphilus Tian & Huang, gen. n., n. sp. F Huoyanodytes tujiaphilus Tian & Huang, gen. n., sp. n. G Wanhuaphaenops zhangi Tian & Wang, sp. n.

Figure 14 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 14 - Habitus of Wanhuaphaenops zhangi Tian & Wang, gen. n., sp. n., holotype, male. Scale bar: 2.0 mm.

Figure 6 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 6 - Cave Feng Dong, type locality of Shiqianaphaenops majusculus (Uéno, 1999), comb. n. A entrance B cave chamber, to show where the beetles were collected C a wandering individual in cave.

Figure 15 from: Tian M, Huang S, Wang X, Tang M (2016) Contributions to the knowledge of subterranean trechine beetles in southern China's karsts: five new genera (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae). ZooKeys 564: 121-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6819

Figure 15 - Cave Songjia Dong, type locality of Wanhuaphaenops zhangi Tian & Wang, gen. n., sp. n. A entrance B a wandering individual of Wanhuaphaenops zhangi C a platynine Colpodes beetle in the cave.