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FIGURE 13. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 13. a – c: Akritogyra conspicua (Monterosato, 1880), sample BC 05, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, protoconch); d – f: Epitonium tiberii (de Boury, 1889), sample BC 66, scale bars: 0.5 mm (d), 0.1 mm (e – f, protoconch); g – i: Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g), 0.1 mm (h – i, protoconch); j – l: Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (j), 0.1 mm (k – l, protoconch); m – o: Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys, 1869), sample BC 04, scale bars: 0.5 mm (m), 0.1 mm (n – o, protoconch).

FIGURE 15. a – d in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 15. a – d: Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841), sample BC 05, scale bars: 1 mm (a), 0.5 mm (b – c, protoconch), 0.1 mm (d, PI detail); e – h: Mangelia nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855), samples BC 05 (e) and BC 72 (f – h), scale bars: 2 mm (e), 0.5 mm (f – g, protoconch), 0.1 mm (h, PI detail); i: Mangelia serga (Dall, 1881), sample BC 72, scale bar 2 mm; j – l: Pleurotomella eurybrocha (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896), sample BC 21, scale bars: 0.5 mm (j), 0.2 mm (k – l, protoconch); m – p: Teretia teres (Reeve, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (m), 0.2 mm (n – o, protoconch), 0.1 mm (p, PI detail); q – t: Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896), sample BC 71, scale bars: 2 mm (q), 0.2 mm (r – s, protoconch), 0.1 mm (t, PI detail).

FIGURE 14. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 14. a – c: Pagodula echinata (Kiener, 1840), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (a), 0.5 mm (b – c, protoconch); d – g: Nassarius lima (Dillwyn, 1817), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (d), 1 mm (e, juvenile), 0.5 mm (f – g, protoconch); h – j: Amphissa acutecostata (Philippi, 1844), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (h), 0.5 mm (i – j, protoconch); k – m: Fusinus rostratus (Olivi, 1792), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (k), 0.5 mm (l – m, protoconch); n – p: Drilliola emendata (Monterosato, 1872), sample BC 67, scale bars: 2 mm (n), 0.5 mm (o – p, protoconch).

FIGURE 12. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 12. a – c: Anatoma aspera (Philippi, 1844), sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, protoconch); d: Danilia tinei (Calcara, 1839), sample BC 72, scale bar 5 mm; e – g: Cirsonella romettensis (Granata – Grillo, 1877), sample BC 67, scale bars: 1 mm (e – f), 0.1 mm (g, protoconch); h – j: Putzeysia wiseri (Calcara, 1842), sample BC 66, scale bars: 2 mm (h), 0.2 mm (i – j, protoconch); k – m: Mikro? sp., sample BC 52, scale bars: 0.2 mm (k – l), 0.1 mm (m, protoconch); n – p: Adeuomphalus densicostatus (Jeffreys, 1884), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.2 mm (n – o), 0.1 mm (p, protoconch).

FIGURE 11. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 11. a – c: Antalis agilis (Sars M. in Sars G. O., 1872), samples BC 04 (a) and BC 72 (b – c), scale bars: 5 mm (a), 0.2 mm (b, posterior aperture), 1 mm (c, anterior aperture); d – f: Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (d), 0.1 mm (e, posterior aperture), 0.5 mm (f, anterior aperture); g: Cadulus subfusiformis (Sars M., 1865), sample BC 52, scale bar 0.5 mm; h – k: Propilidium exiguum (Thompson, 1844), sample BC 66, scale bars: 1 mm (h – i), 0.1 mm (j – k, protoconch); l – n: Emarginula adriatica (Costa O. G., 1830), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (l – m), 0.1 mm (n, protoconch); o – q: Emarginula multistriata Jeffreys, 1882, sample BC 70, scale bars: 1 mm (o – p), 0.1 mm (q, protoconch); r – t: Emarginula tenera Locard, 1982, sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (r – s), 0.1 mm (t, protoconch).

FIGURE 10. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 10. a – c: Allogramma formosa (Jeffreys, 1882); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – e: Poromya granulata (Nyst & Westendorp, 1839); LV, sample BC 72, scale bar 1 mm; f – h: Cuspidaria lamellosa (Sars G. O. ex Sars M., 1872); RV (f, h) and LV (g), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (f – g), 0.1 mm (h, prodissoconch); i – k: Cuspidaria rostrata (Spengler, 1793); RV, samples BC 66 (i – j) and BC 72 (k), scale bars: 5 mm (i – j), 0.1 mm (k, prodissoconch); l – n: Tropidomya abbreviata (Forbes, 1843); LV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (m), 2 mm (l, juvenile), 0.1 mm (n, prodissoconch); o – q: Cardiomya costellata (Deshayes, 1835); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars 2 mm (o – p), 0.1 mm (q, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 9. a – d in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 9. a – d: Kelliella miliaris (Philippi, 1844); RV (a, c) and LV (b, d), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – c), 0.1 mm (d, prodissoconch); e – f: Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767); RV, sample BC 70, scale bar 5 mm; g – i: Xylophaga dorsalis (Turton, 1819); RV, samples BC 66 (h – i) and BC 72 (g), scale bars: 0.5 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – l: Panacca loveni (Jeffreys, 1882); LV, samples BC 70 (j – k) and BC 05 (l), scale bars 10 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch); m – o: Panacca? sp.; RV (m, n) and LV (o), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (m – n), 0.1 mm (o, prodissoconch; the arrow points at the ventral sinuation).

FIGURE 8. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 8. a – c: Montacuta substriata (Montagu, 1808); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Tellimya tenella (Lovén, 1846); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Kurtiella cf. tumidula (Jeffreys, 1866); RV, sample BC 67, scale bars: 0.5 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – m: Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836); RV (j, m) and LV (k), sample BC 71, scale bars: 1 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch), 0.02 mm (m, P – 1 detail); n – p: Abra longicallus (Scacchi, 1835); LV, sample BC 70, scale bars: 5 mm (n – o), 0.1 mm (p, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 3. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 3. a – c: Yoldiella nana (Sars M., 1865); RV (b, c) and LV (a), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Yoldiella philippiana (Nyst, 1844); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Yoldiella striolata (Brugnone, 1876); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – m: Asperarca nodulosa (Müller, 1776); LV, sample BC 11, scale bars: 5 mm (j – k), 1 mm (l, juvenile), 0.1 mm (m, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 7. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 7. a – c: Axinulus alleni (Carrozza, 1981); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu, 1803); RV (e, f) and LV (d), sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Genaxinus eumyarius (Sars M., 1870); RV (h, i) and LV (g), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (I, prodissoconch); j – l: Leptaxinus subovatus (Jeffreys, 1881); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch); m – o: Mendicula ferruginosa (Forbes, 1844); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (m – n), 0.1 mm (o, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 2. a – b in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 2. a – b: Nucula sulcata Bronn, 1831; RV, sample BC 06, scale bar: 5 mm; c – e: Ennucula aegeensis (Forbes, 1844); RV (c, e) and LV (d), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (c – d), 0.1 mm (e, prodissoconch); f – h: Ledella messanensis (Jeffreys, 1870); LV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (f – g), 0.1 mm (h, prodissoconch); i – k: Malletia obtusa (Sars M. in Sars G. O., 1872); RV (j, k) and LV (i), samples BC 72 (i) and BC 71 (j – k), scale bars: 2 mm (i – j), 0.1 mm (k, prodissoconch); l – n: Pristigloma minima (Seguenza, 1877); RV (m) and LV (l, n), sample BC 72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (l – m), 0.1 mm (n, prodissoconch); o – q: Yoldiella lucida (Lovén, 1846); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (o – p), 0.1 mm (q, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 6. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 6. a – c: Spondylus gussonii Costa, 1830; LV, samples BC 11 (a – b) and BC 71 (c), scale bars: 5 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – g: Heteranomia squamula (Linnaeus, 1758); LV, samples BC 11 (d – e) and BC 72 (f – g), scale bars: 5 mm (d – e), 0.5 mm (f, juvenile), 0.1 mm (g, prodissoconch); h – j: Limaria loscombi (Sowerby G. B. I, 1823); RV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 2 mm (h – i), 0.1 mm (j, prodissoconch); k – m: Limatula subauriculata Montagu, 1808; RV (k, m) and LV (l), samples BC 71 (k, m) and BC 72 (l), scale bars: 1 mm (k – l), 0.1 mm (m, prodissoconch); n – p: Limea crassa (Forbes, 1844); RV (o) and LV (n, p), samples BC 71 (n, p) and BC 72 (o), scale bars: 1 mm (n – o), 0.1 mm (p, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 5. a – d in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 5. a – d: Delectopecten vitreus (Gmelin, 1791); RV (a, c, d) and LV (b), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (a – b), 1 mm (c, juvenile), 0.1 mm (d, prodissoconch); e – g: Parvamussium fenestratum (Forbes, 1844); LV, samples BC 70 (e – f) and BC 72 (g), scale bars: 5 mm (e – f), 0.1 mm (g, prodissoconch); h – l: Cyclopecten hoskynsi (Forbes, 1844); RV (h, i, l) and LV (j, k), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (h – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch); m – o: Similipecten similis (Laskey, 1811); RV (n, o) and LV (m), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (m – n), 0.05 mm (o, prodissoconch).

FIGURE 4. a – c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)

FIGURE 4. a – c: Bathyarca pectunculoides (Scacchi, 1835); RV (a, b) and LV (c), sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (a – b), 0.1 mm (c, prodissoconch); d – f: Bathyarca philippiana (Nyst, 1848); LV, sample BC 04, scale bars: 2 mm (d – e), 0.1 mm (f, prodissoconch); g – i: Dacrydium hyalinum (Monterosato, 1875); LV, sample BC 72, scale bars: 1 mm (g – h), 0.1 mm (i, prodissoconch); j – m: Pseudamussium peslutrae? (Linnaeus, 1771); LV, sample BC 67, scale bars: 2 mm (j – k), 0.1 mm (l, prodissoconch), 0.05 mm (m, P – 1 detail); n – q: Karnekampia sulcata (Müller, 1776); RV (o – q) and LV (n), sample BC 72, scale bars: 5 mm (n – p), 0.1 mm (q, prodissoconch).

FIG. 2 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia: A, IGF16329, cranium of male of Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B, CC467, cranium of female of Equus ferus from Cardamone; C, CC468, cranium of male of Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone.Scale bars: 5 cm

FIG. 1 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 1. — Location of the considered Apulian sites: 1, Grotta Santa Croce; 2, SMA-esterno; 3, Grotta Laceduzza; 4, Castellaneta; 5, Cardamone; 6, Grotta Mario Bernardini - Grotta Uluzzo C - Grotta di Capelvenere; 7, San Sidero – Melpignano; 8, Grotta Zinzulusa; 9, Fondo Focone; 10, Grotta dei Giganti Grotta delle Tre Porte.

FIG. 4 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups, see Table 1.

FIG. 3 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views: A1-A3, IGF16330, Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B1-B3, CC414, Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex. Cur11), left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano; D1-D3, C2 20b 77, right hemimandible from SMA-esterno; E1-E3, C2 20b 80, left hemimandible from SMA-esterno. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 8 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens.

FIG. 5 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1.