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Fig. 1 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Comparison of the fifth metatarsal architecture. Left bones in plantar view demonstrate hooking and articular facet orientation (A1–C1, D, E1, F1) and in proximal view (plantar surface down) (A2–C2, F2). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK (right MttV reversed). E. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. F. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland. The dashed lines approximate the outlines of the fifth metatarsals as seen in proximal view (for additional explanation see Material and methods). ha, hooking angle. Not to scale. A, B1, C, after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

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Fig. 6 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 6. General outline of muscle equipment of the lower leg and life position of the foot in Sauria. A. Varanus sp., left crus and pes in right lateral view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 8, reversed). B. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland, right MttV in lateral view; approximated life position. C. General courses and insertions of the peronei muscles in lizards, right pes in dorsal view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 11F, reversed). D. Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766), Recent, ZPAL z.p. RI/31, stereo-pairs of right foot: tarsus and proximal metatarsus in lateral view. E–G. Schematic drawings of foot showing proposed differences in levering conditions. E, G. Sauria. E. Plantigrade style with inflected MttV, as shown in A and D in squamates. F. Early tetrapods. G. Digitigrade style with straight MttV.

Fig. 6 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 6. Ichthyoliths from the upper Viséan of Czerna, Poland (A–K) and the Tournaisian of Czatkowice, Poland (L–R). A–C. Ctenacanthoid scales. A. ZPAL P. IV/311 in basal view. B. ZPAL P. IV/312 in lateral view. C. ZPAL P. IV/313 in coronal view. D. Hybodontoid scale, ZPAL P. IV/314 in lateral (D1) and coronal (D2) views. E–G, K. Actinopterygian scales. E. ZPAL P. IV/316 in external view. F. ZPAL P. IV/315 in basal view. G. ZPAL P. IV/317 in external view. K. ZPAL P. IV/244 in external view. H, J. Actinopterygian teeth. H. ZPAL P. IV/318 in lingual view. J. ZPAL P. IV/319 in lateral view. I. Actinopterygian vertebra, ZPAL P. IV/320. L. Fragment of actinopterygian jaw, MWGUW/Ps/13/11 in oral view. M–O. Chondrichthyan symmoriiform?) branchial denticles. M. MWGUW/Ps/13/12 in coronal view. N. MWGUW/Ps/13/13 in lateral view. O. MWGUW/Ps/13/14 in coronal O1) and lateral (O2) views. P, Q. Problematic chondrichthyan? denticles. P. MWGUW/Ps/13/15 in labial view. Q. MWGUW/Ps/13/16 in lingual view. R. Acanthodian scale, MWGUW/Ps/13/17 in coronal/lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 5. Chondrichthyan fish teeth from the upper Viséan of Czerna, Poland. A, B. Cladodontomorphi indet. 1. A. ZPAL P. IV/255 in labial (A1) and basal (A2) views. B. ZPAL P. IV/306, small specimen with a broken piece lying nearby in lingual (B1) and oral (B2) views. C. Ctenacanthidae indet., ZPAL P. IV/307 in oral (C1) and labial (C2) views. D. Cladodontomorphi indet. 2, ZPAL P. IV/308 in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and oral (D3) views. E. Cassisodus sp., ZPAL P. IV/309 in oral (D1) and lingual (D2) views. F. Cassisodus sp., ZPAL P. IV/232 in lingual (E1) and oral (E2) views.

Fig. 4 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 4. Teeth of falcatid chondrichthyan fishes from the upper Viséan of Czerna, Poland. A–C. Denaea wangi Wang, Jin, and Wang, 2004. A. ZPAL P. IV/303 in lingual (A1) and basal (A2) views. B. ZPAL P. IV/304 in labial (B1) and oral (B2) views. C. ZPAL P. IV/305 in labial (C1) and oral (C2) views. D, E. Falcatidae indet. 2. D. ZPAL P. IV/226 in lateral (D1), labial (D2), oral (D3), and lingual (D4) views. E. ZPAL P. IV/217 in labial (E1), lingual (E2), and oral (E3) views.

Fig. 3 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 3. Chondrichthyan fish teeth from the Tournaisian of Czatkowice, Poland. A. Jalodus sp., MWGUW/Ps/13/2, in lingual (A1) and oral (A2) views. B–H. Falcatidae indet. 1. B. MWGUW/Ps/13/3, small seven-cuspid specimen in lateral (B1), labial (B2), oral (B3), and lingual (B4) views. C–F. Large five-cuspid specimens. C. MWGUW/Ps/13/4 in lingual (C1), oral (C2), and labial (C3) views. D. MWGUW/Ps/13/5 in oral (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. MWGUW/Ps/13/6 in oral view. F. MWGUW/Ps/1/221 in lingual (F1) and oral (F2)views. G. MWGUW/Ps/13/7, large seven-cuspid specimen in basal/ labial view. H. MWGUW/Ps/13/8, large five-cuspid specimen without the intermediate cusplets in lingual (H1) and labial (H2) views. I. Protacrodontidae indet., MWGUW/Ps/13/9, in oral (I1) and lingual (I2) views.

Fig. 2 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 2. Teeth of chondrichthyan fish Thrinacodus ferox (Turner, 1982) from the upper Viséan of Czerna, Poland (A, B) and the Tournaisian of Czatkowice, Poland (C–F). A. ZPAL P. IV/301, in labial (A1) and oral (A2) views. B. ZPAL P. IV/302 in oral view. C. MWGUW/Ps/13/1 in lingual (C1), labial (C2), oral (C3), and lateral (C4) views. D. MWGUW/Ps/1/212, subsymmetrical, parasymphysial (?) tooth in lingual (D1), labial (D2), and lateral (D3) views. E. MWGUW/Ps/1/214 in lateral view. F. MWGUW/Ps/1/213 in basal view.

Fig. 1. A in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 1. A. Position of the study area (square) against the outline of Poland and Vistula River. B. Approximate positions of the studied samples: sample A from Czatkowice Quarry (arrow) and Cz-1 from Czerna (asterisk); black lines, paved roads, open square with a cross, Carmelites' Monastery. C. Close-up of the area at NW Czerna (marked in B) showing the outcrops of Mississippian limestone accessible around 1970; asterisk, possible position of sample Cz-1; from Zajączkowski (1975), modified.

Fig. 7 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 7. Comparative drawings of selected falcatid species from the upper Mississippian with a few diagnostic morphological terms. A. The holotype of "Stethacanthus" gansuensis Wang, Jin, and Wang, 2004 (IVPP V 13666.1) from the Serpukhovian of Qilian Mountain, Gansu, China, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. Denaea cf. fournieri (ZPAL P. IV/221) from the Viséan of Todowa Grząba, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. The holotype of Denaea wangi Wang, Jin, and Wang, 2004 (IVPP V 13668.1) from the Serpukhovian of Qilian Mountain, Gansu, China, in labial (C1) and lingual (C2) views. A, C modified from Wang et al. (2004).

Fig. 8 in Mississippian chondrichthyan fishes from the area of Krzeszowice, southern Poland

Fig. 8. Pie-diagrams illustrating relative abundances of teeth representing groups of chondrichthyan taxa in five Mississippian assemblages. A. Sample Cz-1 from the upper Viséan of Czerna near Kraków, Poland (this paper). B. Sample TG-D from the upper Viséan of Todowa Grząba, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland (Ginter et al. 2015). C. The assemblage from the Surprise Canyon Formation, middle member, Serpukhovian, Grand Canyon, Northern Arizona, USA (Hodnett and Elliott 2018). D. Sample MH-1 from the Tournaisian of Muhua, South China (Ginter and Sun 2007). E. The assemblage from the Kilbride Limestone Formation, upper Tournaisian, Nobber, Ireland (Duncan 2003, 2004, 2006). Note the predominance of falcatid teeth at Czerna and Todowa Grząba and great abundance of crushing teeth (Euselachii + Euchondrocephali) at Muhua and Kilbride. N, total number of specimens.

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Fig. 3 in The earliest record of pylochelid hermit crabs from the Late Jurassic of southern Poland, with notes on paguroid carapace terminology

Fig. 3. The position of the massetic region (new term) in various paguroid families and subfamilies.

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Fig. 1 in The earliest record of pylochelid hermit crabs from the Late Jurassic of southern Poland, with notes on paguroid carapace terminology

Fig. 1. Localities with paguroid−bearing strata of Middle–Late Oxfordian age in southern Poland (see inset), as follows: G, Grabowa; K, Kroczyce; N, Niegowonice; O, Ogrodzieniec; W, Wysoka (modified after Głowniak 2006: fig. 2).

Fig. 7. A, C in Latest Cretaceous leaf floras from southern Poland and western Ukraine

Fig. 7. A, C. Eudicot Debeya insignis (Hosius and von der Marck, 1880) Knobloch, 1964. A. Lectotype PBO 1021[−1]; Haldem, Stemweder Berg, upper Campanian. General view (A1), enlargement of the petiolule branching (A2). C. General view of the slab PBO 1021 showing the lectotype (shown in A) and a paralectotype (PBO 1021[−2]) of Debeya insignis as well as two leaflets of Debeya haldemiana (shown in B); Haldem, Stemweder Berg, upper Campanian. B, G. Debeya haldemiana de Saporta and Marion, 1873. B. Fragmentary leaf PBO 1021[−3]; Haldem, Stemweder Berg, upper Campanian. G. Isolated leaflet ZPAL 4/2/2; Bliżów, lower Maastrichtian. D. Eolirion sp., fragmentary leaf ZPAL Pl 4/1/9; Krasbobród, upper Campanian. E. Debeya paulinae sp. nov., fragmentary leaf KrM Pb 1/6 (paratype); Krasnobród, upper Campanian. F. Debeya paulinae sp. nov., paratype KrS 1, enlargement of the petiolule branching (see general view in Fig. 2C). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in Latest Cretaceous leaf floras from southern Poland and western Ukraine

Fig. 10. Reconstructions of leaves of the most characteristic taxa of the late Campanian flora of the studied area (not to scale). A. Eudicot Debeya paulinae sp. nov. B. Dicot Rarytkinia polonica (Karczmarz and Popiel in Malicki et al. 1967) comb. nov. C. Eudicot Debeya haldemiana (Debey ex de Saporta and Marion, 1873) Knobloch, 1964. Drawings by B. Waksmundzki.

Fig. 4. Conifer Cunninghamites squamosus Heer, 1873 in Latest Cretaceous leaf floras from southern Poland and western Ukraine

Fig. 4. Conifer Cunninghamites squamosus Heer, 1873. Single leaf from the specimen MZ VII/32/13, Chełm, Maastrichtian, SEM view.

Fig. 1 in Latest Cretaceous leaf floras from southern Poland and western Ukraine

Fig. 1. Map of central Europe showing the extent of upper Cretaceous deposits (both cropping out and under Quaternary cover; simplified after von Gaertner and Walther 1971). Main studied localities are represented by diamonds.

Fig. 6 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 6. Famennian clathrodictyids Gerronostroma cracoviensis (Gürich, 1904) and Gerronostroma sp., Dębnik Anticline. A. Gerronostroma sp. A1, phase 2 overlaid by phase 1, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC14; A2, transverse section of the same specimen, phase 2 located in the upper right corner. B. Phase 1, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC68. Note planar, tripartite laminae. C. Longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC70. Phase 2 (in the middle of the photograph) bounded by denser skeleton (phase 1). D, E. Gerronostroma cracoviensis. D. Phase 3, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC9. A transition from phase 1 into phase 3 indicated by the arrow. E. Phase 1, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC62. Low mamelon formed by long, complexly branching pillars resembling phase 2 of G. raclaviense sp. nov. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 5. Famennian clathrodictyids Gerronostroma raclaviense sp. nov. and Gerronostroma cracoviensis (Gürich, 1904), Dębnik Anticline. A, B. G. raclaviense. A. Paratype UAM RAC−Z142. Transverse section through basal part of the skeleton (phase 1), showing upward−extended mamelon (central part, phase 2). B. Phase 3, paratype UAM RAC−Z74. Longitudinal section showing low mamelon erecting from laminar part of the skeleton. Note short axial canal in central part of mamelon (arrow). C. Phase 3, transverse section of paratype UAM RAC−Z 51. D. G. cracoviensis. Phase 1, longitudinal sections of neotype UAM RAC29. Note tabulate coral penetrating the stromatoporoid skeleton and amalgamation of surrounding laminae (D1, arrow). E. Phase 1, transverse section of specimen UAM RAC4. Note cross sections of pillars with conical axial canals simulating ring pillars (arrows). F. Phase 1, longitudinal section of neotype UAM RAC29. Note astrorhiza with short axial canal and numerous dissepiments, accompanied by foramina (upper left corner). G. Phase 2, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC7. Note transition between phases 1 and 2 located in the bottom part of the photograph. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 3. Measurements taken for the purpose of statistical analysis. A. Measurements taken from longitudinal sections of Labechiida. 1, pillar length; 2, span of cysts; 3, height of cysts; 4, spacing of dissepiments; 5, number of cyst plates intersected by pillars. B. Measurements on Gerronostroma specimens (longitudinal sections). 1, pillar length; 2, pillar spacings; 3, laminae spacings; 4, thickness of laminae; 5, thickness of pillars. C. Measurements taken from transverse sections of Gerronostroma. 1, pillar diameter.

Fig. 4 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 4. Famennian labechiid Stylostroma multiformis sp. nov. and clathrodictyid Gerronostroma raclaviense sp. nov., Dębnik Anticline. A. Stylostroma multiformis sp. nov., A1–A3 Phase 1, holotype UAM RAC−LAB130. Longitudinal (A1, A2) and transverse (A3) sections. Note pillars and short walls adjacent to mamelons (A3). B. Phase 2, paratype UAM RAC−LAB138, longitudinal section. C. Phase 3, paratype UAM RAC−LAB133. Longitudinal (C1) and transverse (C2) sections. Note significant signs of dolomitisation, cone−in−cone structures (C1), and pillars revealing concentric structure (C2, arrows). D. Paratype RAC−LAB155. Longitudinal section showing phase 1 (at the bottom) overlaid by phase 2 and phase 3 (near the upper margin of the photograph). E. Gerronostroma raclaviense sp. nov. Holotype UAM RAC−Z1. Longitudinal section of phase 1 (peripheral parts of column, dolomitised) and phase 2 (axial zone). Scale bars 1 mm.