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39 results for “spadefoot toad”
Fig. 3 in Climate-induced shifts in the niche similarity of two related spadefoot toads (genus Pelobates)
Fig. 3 The potential distribution of P. fuscus and P. syriacus in: a present climate for the two species, b Last Interglacial climate, c Last Glacial Maximum MIROC Scenario, d Last Glacial Maximum CCSM Scenario, and e A1B scenario for 2080. The modeling extent merges the minimum convex polygons of the two species and an additional buffer zone of 335 km that includes all fossil records
Fig. 2 in Climate-induced shifts in the niche similarity of two related spadefoot toads (genus Pelobates)
Fig. 2 Modeling stages used in the present study for investigating the factors limiting the current range overlap and possible changes in the geographic ranges of the two species studied under future climate change scenarios
Fig. 3 a in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 3 a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on a 571-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cyt b gene. Only haplotype sequences have been used. Spea bombifrons was used as outgroup. Asterisks denote Bayesian posterior probabilities values: *95–98 %; **99–100 %. b Haplotype network reconstruction of 29 haplotypes of Pelobates fuscus fuscus (W) and of 13 haplotypes of P. f. vespertinus (E), based on the analysis of a 571-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Size of circles is proportional to the number of individuals sharing a given haplotype. The frequency of each haplotype has been computed based on published data (Crottini et al. 2007) and on new sequences
Fig. 1 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 1 Geographic locations of the 59 analyzed populations of Pelobates. The limit of the geographic distribution of Pelobates fuscus is indicated with the solid line. The dashed line indicates the presumptive position of the contact zone between P. f. fuscus
Fig. 7 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 7 Predictive potential niche models (black areas) of Pelobates f. fuscus (a and c) and P. f. vespertinus (b and d) for Last Glacial Maximum based on the MIROC (a and b) and CCSM (c and d) models. Models are above the average 10-percentile training threshold.
Fig. 5 A in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 5 A multilocus cline at four diagnostic allozyme loci along transect in the contact zone of Pelobates fuscus fuscus and P. f. vespertinus. The vertical axis shows the frequency of genetic variants diagnostic for P. f. fuscus (variation diagnostic for P. f. vespertinus is the inverse)
Fig. 2 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 2 Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean phenogram (a) and neighbor-joining tree (b) showing genetic (allozyme) relationship among the Pelobates species populations sampled based on Nei's (1978) unbiased genetic distance (DNei); bootstrap values ≥ 70 %. Correspondence analysis of allele frequencies among the studied samples of P. fuscus (c), where dark circles represent P. f. vespertinus samples, gray circles are samples from the contact zone from Kursk Province of Russia, open circles are P. f. fuscus samples from Eastern
Figure 1 in The conservation paradox of an introduced population of a threatened species: spadefoot toads in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands
Figure 1. Sampling sites of the common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus). The main map shows localities sampled outside and the inset localities sampled inside the Netherlands (see main text for details). A rough outline of the natural distribution range in the Netherlands is shaded grey. Localities that contain haplotypes found in the Netherlands are colour coded; otherwise they are left grey (FUS stands for P. fuscus). Sampling details are in supplementary table S1.
Figure 3 in The conservation paradox of an introduced population of a threatened species: spadefoot toads in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands
Figure 3. Haplotype network for the common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus) Haplotypes relevant to the current study are colour coded; the remainder is left grey (details in supplementary table S1). The prefix 'FUS' is not shown for the haplotype codes.
Figure 2 in The conservation paradox of an introduced population of a threatened species: spadefoot toads in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree for common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus) and Pallas's spadefoot toad (P. vespertinus). Haplotypes relevant to the current study are colour coded; the remainder is left grey (details in Table S1). Haplotype abbreviations are: FUS = P. fuscus, VES = P. vespertinus, BAL = P. balcanicus, SYR = P. syriacus, CUL = P. cultripes, and VAR = P. varaldii.
Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
<p>Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can alternatively develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 14 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can alternatively develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 14 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.</p>
Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
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Data from: Postglacial recolonization of North America by spadefoot toads: integrating niche and corridor modeling to study species’ range dynamics over geologic time
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Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
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Maintenance of phenotypic plasticity is linked to oxidative stress in spadefoot toad larvae
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Fig. 4 in Climate-induced shifts in the niche similarity of two related spadefoot toads (genus Pelobates)
Fig. 4 Background tests of niche similarity compare the observed value of Schoener's D index, a similarity index of niche space (dashed line), with the distribution of 100 pseudoreplicate D values. a The background test comparing P. fuscus occurrences with the background space of P. syriacus revealed that the observed value of niche similarity is lower
Fig. 1 in Climate-induced shifts in the niche similarity of two related spadefoot toads (genus Pelobates)
Fig. 1 Presence datasets compiled for the two species studied: a raw data; b filtered data used to train present day models (density of points reduced with an arbitrary threshold of 0.5 occurrences/1,000 km2 for each country); the fossil records dating from the Last Interglacial used to validate the past projections; c the first axis of a principal component analysis based on 19 climatic variables representing the extent of the
Fig. 4 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 4 Geographic location of populations sampled in the contact zone between Pelobates fuscus fuscus and P. f. vespertinus in Kursk Province of Russia. a Light and dark sectors show the proportion of membership of each population in clusters of P. f. fuscus and P. f. vespertinus, respectively, according to results of the Structure analysis based on allozyme data; b sectors show proportion of individuals determined as pure parental species (P. f. fuscus in light and P. f. vespertinus in dark colors) and hybrid plus "intermediate" individuals (gray color) in each population, according to results of the New Hybrids analysis based on allozyme data; c light and dark sectors show the proportion of membership of each population in clusters of P. f. fuscus and P. f. vespertinus, respectively, according to cyt b data. Localities are numbered as in Table 1 and Fig. 1
Fig. 6 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact
Fig. 6 Potential niche models (dark gray area) of Pelobates f. fuscus (a) and P. f. vespertinus (b) based on Maxent. Localities of P. f. fuscus and P. f. vespertinus are designated as triangles (b) and squares (a), respectively. Models are above the average 10-percentile training threshold
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