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161 results for “specialisation”
SDZG-FTB Cambodia Specialised Questioning Techniques Dataset
<p>A dataset collected by the San Diego Zoo Global (SDZG) and Free the Bears (FTB) team, containing data from three sites: Stung Treng, the Cardamom Mountains, and Phnom Penh. The data consists of demographic variables and specialised questioning techniques (SQTs), as well as direct questioning. SQTs used are: randomized response technique (RRT), unmatched count technique (UCT), nominative technique (NT), and a false consensus bias (FCB) measure.</p>
Animal personality drives individual dietary specialisation across multiple dimensions in a mammalian herbivore
<p>1. Animal personality influences how individuals perceive and react to different stimuli, such as food quality and predation risk, thereby shaping foraging behaviour. As a consequence, animal personality is predicted to influence the diet and dietary specialisation of individuals within a population, but animal personality and dietary specialisation have yet to be linked.</p> <p>2. Here, we tested whether individual diet and dietary specialisation are a function of animal personality, using an arboreal herbivore, the common brushtail possum, as a model species. We hypothesised that pro-active individuals have more diverse foraging opportunities than reactive individuals. We therefore predicted that pro-active animals (more exploratory, bold and more active) would be less specialised, with a broader and higher-quality diet than their reactive counterparts. We quantified the personality traits and dietary niche using proportional similarity index and specialisation categories of possums (n = 30) in a population flanking native eucalypt woodland and residential gardens in suburban Sydney, Australia.</p> <p>3. We found that personality traits were related to the breadth and quality of the realised diets of individual possums. As predicted, proactive individuals had a broad, high-quality diet with less individual dietary specialisation than reactive individuals. Highly exploratory individuals had a more diverse diet than less exploratory individuals, and bold individuals were more likely than shy individuals to consume plants on the ground.</p> <p>4. Our study demonstrates an important link between animal personality and individual dietary specialisation. The finding that the personality of individuals is associated with different diet choices within the same landscape is fundamentally significant. First, personality as a driver of niche partitioning likely reduces within-species competition and hence could contribute to adaptive capacity. Second, the strength of ecological processes arising from interactions (e.g. predator-prey and plant-herbivore interactions) could differ among individuals according to their personality traits.</p> <p>5. Our findings are also relevant for effectively managing both threatened native, and invasive species. Management strategies will be improved by incorporating knowledge of individual traits and their ecological consequences, plus the ecological context of food- and fear-scapes.</p>
Re-emergence and diversification of a specialised antennal lobe morphology in ithomiine butterflies
<p>How an organism's sensory system functions is central to how it navigates its environment. The insect olfactory system is a prominent model for investigating how ecological factors impact sensory reception and processing. Notably, work in Lepidoptera led to the discovery of vastly expanded structures, termed macroglomerular complexes (MGCs), within the primary olfactory processing centre. MGCs typically process pheromonal cues, are usually larger in males, and provide classic examples of how variation in the size of neural structures reflects the importance of sensory cues. Though prevalent across moths, MGCs were lost during the origin of butterflies, consistent with evidence that courtship initiation in butterflies is primarily reliant on visual cues, rather than long distance chemical signals. However, an MGC was recently described in a species of ithomiine butterfly, suggesting that this once lost neural adaptation has re-emerged in this tribe. Here, we show that MGC-like morphologies are widely distributed across ithomiines, but vary in both their structure and prevalence of sexual dimorphism. Based on this interspecific variation we suggest that the ithomiine MGC is involved in processing both plant and pheromonal cues, which have similarities in their chemical constitution, and co-evolved with an increased importance of plant derived chemical compounds.</p>
Data From: Rapid expansion and visual specialisation of learning and memory centers in the brains of Heliconiini butterflies
<p class="MsoNormal">Changes in the abundance and diversity of neural cell types, and their connectivity, shape brain composition and provide the substrate for behavioral evolution. Although investment in sensory brain regions is understood to be largely driven by the relative ecological importance of particular sensory modalities, how selective pressures impact the elaboration of integrative brain centers has been more difficult to pinpoint. Here, we provide evidence of extensive, mosaic expansion of an integration brain center among closely related species, which is not explained by changes in sites of primary sensory input. By building new datasets of neural traits among a tribe of diverse Neotropical butterflies, the Heliconiini, we detected several major evolutionary expansions of the mushroom bodies, central brain structures pivotal for insect learning and memory. The genus <em>Heliconius</em>, which exhibits a unique dietary innovation, pollen-feeding, and derived foraging behaviors reliant on spatial memory, shows the most extreme enlargement. This expansion is primarily associated with increased visual processing areas and coincides with increased precision of visual processing, and enhanced long-term memory. These results demonstrate that selection for behavioral innovation and enhanced cognitive ability occurred through expansion and localized specialization in integrative brain centers.</p>
Effects of intraspecific competition and body mass on diet specialisation in a mammalian scavenger
<p>1. Animals that rely extensively on scavenging rather than hunting must exploit resources that are inherently patchy, dangerous, or subject to competition. Though it may be expected that scavenging species should therefore form opportunistic feeding habits in order to survive, a broad population diet may mask specialisation occurring at an individual level.</p> <p>2. To test this, we used stable isotope analysis to analyse the degree of specialisation in the diet of the Tasmanian devil, one of few mammalian species to develop adaptations for scavenging.</p> <p>3. We found that the majority of individuals were dietary specialists, indicating that they fed within a narrow trophic niche despite their varied diet as a population.</p> <p>4. Even in competitive populations, only small individuals could be classified as true trophic generalists; larger animals in those populations were trophic specialists. In populations with reduced levels of competition, all individuals were capable of being trophic specialists.</p> <p>5. Heavier individuals showed a greater degree of trophic specialisation, suggesting either that mass is an important driver of diet choice or that trophic specialisation is an efficient foraging strategy allowing greater mass gain.</p> <p>6. Devils may be unique among scavenging mammals in the extent to which they can specialise their diets, having been released from the competitive pressure of larger carnivores.</p>
The Use of Specialised Amino Acid Mixture in Pressure Ulcer Wound Healing Rates- A Placebo Controlled Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01090076. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
Network structure variation across scales offers clues to the macroevolutionary persistence of specialised mutualisms
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The non-dereliction in evolution: Trophic specialisation drives convergence in the radiation of red devil spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands
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Data associated with: A phylogenetic perspective on ecological specialisation reveals hummingbird and insect pollinators have generalist diets
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Re-emergence and diversification of a specialised antennal lobe morphology in ithomiine butterflies
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Data from: Biogeographic history and habitat specialisation shape floristic and phylogenetic composition across Amazonian forests
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Animal personality drives individual dietary specialisation across multiple dimensions in a mammalian herbivore
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Data From: Rapid expansion and visual specialisation of learning and memory centers in the brains of Heliconiini butterflies
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Data from: Integrating isotopic and nutritional niches reveals multiple dimensions of individual diet specialisation in a marine apex predator
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Data from: Specialisation reduces foraging effort and improves breeding performance in a generalist bird
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Data from: Are day-flying moths more specialised in larval dietary breadth?
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Vellozioid roots allow for habitat specialisation among rock- and soil-dwelling Velloziaceae in campos rupestres
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Data from: Vertical and temporal specialisation in Amazonian butterflies and evolution of their thermal traits
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Data from: Ecological specialisation of reef fishes peaks in global biodiversity hotspots
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Environmental filtering and convergent evolution determine the ecological specialisation of subterranean spiders
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.