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89 results for “species removal”
Data from: Manipulation of cytosine methylation does not remove latitudinal clines in two invasive goldenrod species in Central Europe
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Data from: Can variation in seed removal patterns of Neotropical pioneer tree species be explained by local ant community composition?
<p>Many plants depend on animals for seed dispersal, and ants commonly fill this role. We examined if heterogeneity in ant community composition among sites, between above- and below-ground foraging guilds, or between seasons predicts observed variation in seed removal rates for 12 nonmyrmecochorous Neotropical pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We also investigated if ants associated with removing seeds differed in specific morphological characters from the larger ant community. We observed ant-seed interactions at caches to determine which ants removed seeds of 12 tree species. We also sampled ant community composition by placing 315 pitfall traps and 160 subterranean traps across the five sites where seed removal rates were quantified. Above-ground ant community composition varied by site but not season. Among-site variation in ant composition did not predict seed removal patterns at these same sites. Below-ground ant communities differed from above-ground ant communities but were not structured by either site or seed cache type. Finally, ants that removed seeds did not differ morphologically from the broader ant community. Overall, our results suggest ant communities vary over relatively small spatial scales but exhibit a high degree of functional redundancy in terms of seed removal services provided for Neotropical pioneer tree species.</p>
FIGURES 90, 91. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Valva. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Phallus. 90 in New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)
FIGURES 90, 91. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Valva. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Phallus. 90. Synemon victoriae sp. n., paratypes (genitalia slides 16579, 16580) (ANIC). 91. Synemon directa (genitalia slides 11807, 11851) (ANIC).
FIGURES 19, 20. Synemon sophia. 19. Male genitalia, a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d in New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)
FIGURES 19, 20. Synemon sophia. 19. Male genitalia, a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus (genitalia slides sl1, sl2) (AMS). 20. Female genitalia. a. Distal part. b. Anterior part. c. Segment 8, ostium, ductus bursae and corpus bursae (genitalia slide sl3) (AMS).
FIGURES 31, 32. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus. 31 in New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)
FIGURES 31, 32. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus. 31. Synemon crocea sp. n., paratypes (genitalia slides 11855, 11856) (ANIC). 32. Synemon catocaloides (genitalia slides 11778, 11779) (ANIC).
Data from: Inferring invasive species abundance using removal data from management actions
Evaluation of the progress of management programs for invasive species is crucial for demonstrating impacts to stakeholders and strategic planning of resource allocation. Estimates of abundance before and after management activities can serve as a useful metric of population management programs. However, many methods of estimating population size are too labor intensive and costly to implement, posing restrictive levels of burden on operational programs. Removal models are a reliable method for estimating abundance before and after management using data from the removal activities exclusively, thus requiring no work in addition to management. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate abundance from removal data accounting for varying levels of effort, and used simulations to assess the conditions under which reliable population estimates are obtained. We applied this model to estimate site-specific abundance of an invasive species, feral swine (Sus scrofa), using removal data from aerial gunning in 59 site/time-frame combinations (480–19,600 acres) throughout Oklahoma and Texas, USA. Simulations showed that abundance estimates were generally accurate when effective removal rates (removal rate accounting for total effort) were above 0.40. However, when abundances were small (<50) the effective removal rate needed to accurately estimates abundances was considerably higher (0.70). Based on our post-validation method, 78% of our site/time frame estimates were accurate. To use this modeling framework it is important to have multiple removals (more than three) within a time frame during which demographic changes are minimized (i.e., a closed population; ≤3 months for feral swine). Our results show that the probability of accurately estimating abundance from this model improves with increased sampling effort (8+ flight hours across the 3-month window is best) and increased removal rate. Based on the inverse relationship between inaccurate abundances and inaccurate removal rates, we suggest auxiliary information that could be collected and included in the model as covariates (e.g., habitat effects, differences between pilots) to improve accuracy of removal rates and hence abundance estimates.
Data from: Invasive species removal increases species and phylogenetic diversity of wetland plant communities
Plant invasions result in biodiversity losses and altered ecological functions, though quantifying loss of multiple ecosystem functions presents a research challenge. Plant phylogenetic diversity correlates with a range of ecosystem functions, and can be used as a proxy for ecosystem multifunctionality. Laurentian Great Lakes coastal wetlands are ideal systems for testing invasive species management effects because they support diverse biological communities, provide numerous ecosystem services, and are increasingly dominated by invasive macrophytes. Invasive cattails are among the most widespread and abundant of these taxa. We conducted a three-year study in two Great Lakes wetlands, testing the effects of a gradient of cattail removal intensities (mowing, harvest, complete biomass removal) within two vegetation zones (emergent marsh, wet meadow) on plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. To evaluate native plant recovery potential, we paired this with a seed-bank emergence study that quantified diversity metrics in each zone under experimentally manipulated hydroperiods. Pre-treatment, we found that wetland zones had distinct plant community composition. Wet meadow seed banks had greater taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity than emergent marsh seed banks, and high-water treatments tended to inhibit diversity by reducing germination. Aboveground harvesting of cattails and their litter increased phylogenetic diversity and species richness in both zones, more than doubling richness compared to unmanipulated controls. In the wet meadow, harvesting shifted the community toward an early successional state, favoring seed-bank germination from early seral species, whereas emergent marsh complete removal treatments shifted the community toward an aquatic condition, favoring floating-leaved plants. Removing cattails and their litter increased taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across water levels, a key environmental gradient, thereby potentially increasing the multifunctionality of these ecosystems. Killing invasive wetland macrophytes but leaving their biomass <i>in situ</i> does not address their underlying mechanism of dominance and is less effective than more intensive treatments that also remove their litter.
FIGURE 17 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 17. Developmental stages of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. (LM). A. Parthenogenetic female (arrow points at head of female) attached to host (ZMUC CRU4872). B. Parthenogenetic female with embryos inside (enlargement of A). C. Living female in late stage of development, probably a sexual female (see Discussion), with developing abdomen (arrow) (ZMUC CRU4873). D. Live male in late stage of development (LM) attached to cephalon of harpacticoid host (ZMUC CRU4877). E. Close-up of D. Abbreviations: cephalic stylet in larval head (cs), male antennular aesthetascs (aes).
FIGURE 15 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 15. Live tantulus larvae and some developing males of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. (LM). Animals in A, B, D, F were alive when the pictures were taken. A. Tantulus larva attached dorsally to harpacticoid host (arrow) (ZMUC CRU4882). B. Three tantulocaridans at different stages of development attached to harpacticoid host (arrows); the most developed tantulus has a male inside (ZMUC CRU4885). C. Detached tantulus larva, ventral view (ZMUC CRU4887). D. Attached tantulus larva, lateral view (ZMUC CRU4884). E. Detached tantulus larva, ventral view (same specimen as in C). F. Attached tantulus larva (close-up of specimen in A). G. Lateral view of detached tantulus larva (ZMUC CRU4887).
FIGURE 16 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 16. Live females (most likely parthenogenetic) of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. in early stages of development attached to harpacticoid host (LM). A. Very early female (ZMUC CRU4875). B. Later female (ZMUC CRU4883). C. Even later female (ZMUC CRU4875). D. Close-up of anterior part of cephalon in B showing protruding organ (arrow).
FIGURE 14 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 14. Thoracopods and urosome of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. (SEM), tantulus with developing male inside. All photos are of same specimen (ZMUC CRU4891). A. Thoracopods 1 to 6 (left side) and urosome. B. Thoracopods 1 and 2 (left side). C. Thoracopods 2 and 3 (left side). D. Thoracopods 4 to 6 (left side). E. Urosome (and abdomen). Abbreviations: abdomen (abd), thoracopods 1 to 6 (thp1–6), thorax somite 7 (t7), urosome (uro).
FIGURE 13 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 13. Thoracopods of tantulus of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. with male inside in early state of development (SEM), all photos of same specimen (ZMUC CRU4891). A. Ventro-lateral view. B. Close-up of thoracopods in A. C. Thoracopods 1 and 2 (enlargement of B). Abbreviations: endopod (en), exopod (ex), thoracopods 1 to 6 (thp 1–6).
FIGURE 11 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 11. Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. at different stages of development (SEM) (ZMUC CRU4891). A. Early tantulus that has begun to develop a male inside. B. Developing male. C. Oral disc of detached parthenogenetic female, ventral view.
FIGURE 9 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 9. Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. in different stages of development attached to harpacticoid copepod hosts (SEM) (ZMUC CRU4891). A. Three tantulocaridans on one host: one developing male (ma) and two late tantulus larvae (tan). B. One tantulocarid attached to a copepod host: one developing male (ma). C. Three tantulocaridans on one host: a parthenogenetic female (fe), a developing male (ma), and a tantulus larva (tan).
FIGURE 8 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 8. Harpacticoid host with attached developing male of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. within trunk sac of tantulus larva (SEM) (ZMUC CRU4891). A. Dorsal view of host and developing tantulocarid male. B. Dorsal view of developing male, enlargement of A. C. Cephalon and thoracic tergites, enlargement of B. Abbreviations: thoracic somites 1 to 6 (t1-t6)
FIGURE 7 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 7. Adults of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. A. Male developing inside the trunk sac of a tantulus larva, lateral view (drawn from ZMUC CRU4877). B. Parthenogenetic female with eggs, lateral view (drawn from ZMUC CRU4872). Abbreviations: aesthestascs (aes), cephalic stylet (cs), eggs (egg), pores in head shield (ph), protruding organ (po), tubular structures (ts), umbilical cord-like organ (uc).
FIGURE 6. Thoracopods 5 and 6 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 6. Thoracopods 5 and 6 of tantulus larva of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov., right and left side, seen from anterior (drawn from ZMUC CRU4887). A. Thoracopods 5. B. Thoracopods 6. Abbreviations: endopod (en), exopod (ex), medial endite (me), protopod (pro), spine on protopod (ps), spine on exopod (sex), spine on medial endite (sme), spatulate process (sp). The denticles on the setae, the spines on the exopods, and the spines on the protopods were not seen in the light microscope, but only observed on pictures obtained by SEM.
FIGURE 5. Thoracopods 1 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 5. Thoracopods 1 to 4 of tantulus larva of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov., right and left, seen from anterior (drawn from ZMUC CRU4887). A. Thoracopods 1. B. Thoracopods 2. C. Thoracopods 3. D. Thoracopods 4. E. Thoracopods 5. F. Thoracopods 6. Abbreviations: endopod (en), exopod (ex), medial endite (me), protopod (pro), spine on protopod (ps), spines on medial endite (sme), spine on exopod (sex), spatulate process (sp). The denticles on the setae, the spines on the exopods, and the spines on the protopods were not seen in the light microscope, but only observed on pictures obtained by SEM.
FIGURE 3 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 3. Tantulus larva of Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov., external morphology (drawn from ZMUC CRU4882 and ZMUC CRU4889). A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Urosome and urosomal setation, dorsal view. Abbreviations: caudal rami (cr), 'w-shaped' serrated edge (sew), serrated edges (se), long setae (ls), oral disc (od), short setae (ss), thoracic somites 1 to 7 (t1-t7), transverse lamellae (tl). See text for pore nomenclature. Setae on caudal rami are not shown at full length, but are cut off as indicated by the small bars.
FIGURE 1 in The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class
FIGURE 1. Localities where mud samples were collected, Iqpik and Kuanit. x marks the sampling stations. Arcticotantulus kristenseni sp. nov. were only found at the fishing ground at Iqpik.
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