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104 results for “spider populations”
FIGURE 3 in Occurrence, Population Dynamics And Winter Phenology Of Spider Mites And Their Phytoseiid Predators In A Citrus Orchard In Syria
FIGURE 3: Relative abundance of phytoseiid mite species on citrus leaves in the orchard studied in Latakia province, Syria, from mid- August 2013 to the beginning of June 2014.
FIGURE 1 in Resistance Mechanisms To Abamectin In Iranian Populations Of The Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 1: GST banding pattern in the susceptible GUS2 and resistant ISR populations of T. urticae. St: GUS2 mites treated with 1 ppm abamectin solution (using leaf dip method); Sc: GUS2 mites, control; Rt: ISR mites treated with 3000 ppm abamectin solution (using leaf dip method); Rc: ISR mites, control.
FIGURE 5 in Occurrence, Population Dynamics And Winter Phenology Of Spider Mites And Their Phytoseiid Predators In A Citrus Orchard In Syria
FIGURE 5: Mean densities of phytoseiid dominant species per citrus leaf (± SE) in the orchard studied in Latakia province, Syria, from mid-August 2013 to the beginning of June 2014.
FIGURE 1 in Occurrence, Population Dynamics And Winter Phenology Of Spider Mites And Their Phytoseiid Predators In A Citrus Orchard In Syria
FIGURE 1: A Phyto trap attached to a twig of citrus tree in the orchard studied in Latakia province, Syria, on October 2013.
FIGURE 4 in Occurrence, Population Dynamics And Winter Phenology Of Spider Mites And Their Phytoseiid Predators In A Citrus Orchard In Syria
FIGURE 4: Relationships between mean densities of Phytoseiidae (all species), E. stipulatus and A. andersoni and mean photophase (a, b, d, respectively); mean densities of A. andersoni and temperature (c).
FIGURE 2 in Occurrence, Population Dynamics And Winter Phenology Of Spider Mites And Their Phytoseiid Predators In A Citrus Orchard In Syria
FIGURE 2: Mean densities of Phytoseiidae and P. citri per citrus leaf (± SE) in the orchard studied in Latakia province, Syria, from
FIGURE 2 in Resistance Mechanisms To Abamectin In Iranian Populations Of The Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 2: Mean ± SE of heme content in the resistant ISR and susceptible GUS2 T. urticae populations.
Data from: Prey colour biases in jumping spiders (Habronattus brunneus) differ across populations
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Microgeographic population structuring in a genus of California trapdoor spiders and discovery of an enigmatic new species (Euctenizidae: Promyrmekiaphila korematsui sp. nov.)
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Comparative population genomic diversity and differentiation in trapdoor spiders and relatives (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)
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Data from: Tetranychus evansi spider mite populations suppress tomato defences to varying degrees
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Data from: Specialists and generalists coexist within a population of spider-hunting mud dauber wasps
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Data from: Population-specific effect of Wolbachia on the cost of fungal infection in spider mites
<p>Many studies have revealed the ability of the endosymbiotic bacterium <i>Wolbachia </i>to protect its arthropod hosts against diverse pathogens. However, as <i>Wolbachia </i>may also increase the susceptibility of its host to infection, predicting the outcome of a particular <i>Wolbachia</i>-host-pathogen interaction remains elusive. Yet, understanding such interactions and their eco-evolutionary consequences is crucial for disease and pest control strategies. Moreover, how natural <i>Wolbachia </i>infections affectartificially introduced pathogens for biocontrol has never been studied. <i>Tetranychus urticae </i>spider mites are herbivorous crop pests, causing severe damage on numerous economically important crops. Due to the rapid evolution of pesticide resistance, biological control strategies using entomopathogenic fungi are being developed. However, although spider mites are infected with various <i>Wolbachia </i>strains worldwide, whether this endosymbiont protects them from fungi is as yet unknown. Here, we compared the survival of two populations, treated with antibiotics or naturally harbouring different <i>Wolbachia </i>strains, after exposure to the fungal biocontrol agents <i>Metarhizium brunneum </i>and <i>Beauveria bassiana</i>. To control for potential effects of the bacterial community of spider mites, we also compared the susceptibility of two populations naturally uninfected by <i>Wolbachia</i>, treated with antibiotics or not. In one population, <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected mites had a better survival than uninfected ones in absence of fungi but not in their presence, whereas in the other population <i>Wolbachia </i>increased the mortality induced by <i>B. bassiana</i>. In one naturally <i>Wolbachia</i>-uninfected populations, the antibiotic treatment increased the susceptibility of spider mites to <i>M. brunneum</i>, but it had no effect in the other treatments. These results suggest that natural <i>Wolbachia </i>infections may not hamper and may even improve the success of biological control using entomopathogenic fungi. However, they also draw caution on the generalization of such effects, given the complexity of within-host pathogens interaction and the potential eco-evolutionary consequences of the use of biocontrol agents for <i>Wolbachia</i>-host associations.</p>
Data from: Evolution of sociality in spiders leads to depleted genomic diversity at both population and species level
Across several animal taxa, the evolution of sociality involves a suite of characteristics, a 'social syndrome', that includes cooperative breeding, reproductive skew, primary female biased sex-ratio, and the transition from outcrossing to inbreeding mating system, factors that are expected to reduce effective population size (Ne). This social syndrome may be favoured by short-term benefits but come with long-term costs, because the reduction in Ne amplifies loss of genetic diversity by genetic drift, ultimately restricting the potential of populations to respond to environmental change. To investigate the consequences of this social life form on genetic diversity, we used a comparative RAD-sequencing approach to estimate genome-wide diversity in spider species that differ in level of sociality, reproductive skew, and mating system. We analysed multiple populations of three independent sister-species pairs of social inbreeding and subsocial outcrossing Stegodyphus spiders, and a subsocial outgroup. Heterozygosity and within population diversity were 6-10 fold lower in social compared to subsocial species, and demographic modelling revealed a tenfold reduction in Ne of social populations. Species-wide genetic diversity depends on population divergence and the viability of genetic lineages. Population genomic patterns were consistent with high lineage turnover, which homogenizes the genetic structure that builds up between inbreeding populations, ultimately depleting genetic diversity at the species level. Indeed, species-wide genetic diversity of social species was 5-8 times lower than that of subsocial species. The repeated evolution of species with this social syndrome is associated with severe loss of genome-wide diversity, likely to limit their evolutionary potential.
Data from: Deep phylogeographic structuring of populations of the trapdoor spider Moggridgea tingle (Migidae) from southwestern Australia: evidence for long-term refugia within refugia
Southwestern Australia has been recognized as a biodiversity hotspot of global significance, and it is particularly well known for its considerable diversity of flowering plant species. Questions of interest are how this region became so diverse and whether its fauna show similarly diverse patterns of speciation. Here we have carried out a phylogeographic study of trapdoor spiders (Migidae: Moggridgea), a presumed Gondwanan lineage found in wet forest localities across southwestern Australia. Phylogenetic, molecular clock and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial (mtDNA) COI gene and ITS rRNA (internal transcribed spacer) data revealed considerable phylogeographic structuring of Moggridgea populations, with evidence for long-term (> 3 million years) isolation of at least nine populations in different geographic locations, including upland regions of the Stirling and Porongurup Ranges. High levels of mtDNA divergence and no evidence of recent mitochondrial gene flow among valley populations of the Stirling Range suggest that individual valleys have acted as refugia for the spiders throughout the Pleistocene. Our findings support the hypothesis that climate change, particularly the aridification of Australia after the late Miocene, and the topography of the landscape, which allowed persistence of moist habitats, have been major drivers of speciation in southwestern Australia.
Data from: Linking native and invader traits explains native spider population responses to plant invasion
Theoretically, the functional traits of native species should determine how natives respond to invader-driven changes. To explore this idea, we simulated a large-scale plant invasion using dead spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) stems to determine if native spiders' web-building behaviors could explain differences in spider population responses to structural changes arising from C. stoebe invasion. After two years, irregular web-spiders were >30 times more abundant and orb weavers were >23 times more abundant on simulated invasion plots compared to controls. Additionally, irregular web-spiders on simulated invasion plots built webs that were 4.4 times larger and 5.0 times more likely to capture prey, leading to >2-fold increases in recruitment. Orb-weavers showed no differences in web size or prey captures between treatments. Web-spider responses to simulated invasion mimicked patterns following natural invasions, confirming that C. stoebe's architecture is likely the primary attribute driving native spider responses to these invasions. Differences in spider responses were attributable to differences in web construction behaviors relative to historic web substrate constraints. Orb-weavers in this system constructed webs between multiple plants, so they were limited by the overall quantity of native substrates but not by the architecture of individual native plant species. Irregular web-spiders built their webs within individual plants and were greatly constrained by the diminutive architecture of native plant substrates, so they were limited both by quantity and quality of native substrates. Evaluating native species traits in the context of invader-driven change can explain invasion outcomes and help to identify factors limiting native populations.
Dispersal and life history of brown widow spiders in dated invasive populations on two continents
<p>Theory and empirical work suggest that behaviours such as dispersal and exploration are predictors of invasive success, and that behaviours may shift predictably after invasive populations have established and spread. However, there are limited data on temporal patterns in the distribution of behavioural traits linked to the timeline of establishment of invasive species. We examine dispersal and exploration, along with life history traits that may be linked to behaviour, across multiple invasive populations of the brown widow spider (<i>Latrodectus geometricus</i>). This global invader has established populations across the United States and Israel. Using this temporal and spatial variation, we tested predictions about changes in suites of traits over establishment time. We compared trait distributions of four U.S. populations of <i>L. geometricus</i> to patterns in four populations in Israel. We predicted that selective filters during the invasion process would result in more dispersive, more exploratory spiders that are larger and more fecund in recently established populations, but, if tradeoffs occur, dispersal would be favoured at the expense of fecundity and size in recent populations. We found more frequent and faster dispersal in more recently established populations in Israel, but not the United States. Spiders in more recently established populations in Israel were larger than those in older populations, but there were no consistent patterns across U.S. populations. However, there was evidence in both the U.S. and Israel for differing tradeoffs among fecundity, dispersal, and size. In more recently-established populations, spiders had lower fecundity than expected based on body size, but were more variable in resource allocation to egg sacs. The results suggest that in some populations, trade-offs underlying dispersal, fecundity, and body size are shaped by the time interval, and thus the number of generations, since establishment, with implications for the role of evolutionary processes in invasion success.</p>
FIGURES 28–39. Stenaelurillus sarojinae, Mysuru population. 28, 32 in Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India
FIGURES 28–39. Stenaelurillus sarojinae, Mysuru population. 28, 32 male left palp, ventral view (IBC-BP312/ DDKM21.009); 29, 33 same, retrolateral view; 30, 34 epigyne, ventral view (IBC-BP313/ AS19.6591); 31, 35 vulva, dorsal view; 36 male, dorsal view; 37 same, ventral view; 38 female, dorsal view; 39 same, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for genitalia and 1.0 mm for bodies.
Figure 5 in Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)
Figure 5. Circular histograms of age structure established for the population of Eustala taquara. The black vector line inside the circle indicates the mean angle or direction of the data. The transverse line on the external sector of the circle indicates the confidence interval of 95%.
Figure 3. A in Population ecology of the orb-weaver spider Eustala taquara (Keyserling) (Araneidae)
Figure 3. A two-year monthly variation in the number of Eustala taquara individuals at Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brazil.
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