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Figure 6 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 6. Conceptual framework demonstrating possible mechanisms of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the spreading process of Desmodium triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate different spreading stages of the invasive plant D. triflorum. Corresponding mycorrhizal structures were shown as the four microscopic views. Light-green and medium-yellow circles indicate AM fungal spores predominantly produced by the root mycorrhizal structures of Z. tenuifolia and D. triflorum, respectively. Medium-green and dark-yellow lines indicate the life cycle of spores in Z. tenuifolia plants and in D. triflorum plants, respectively. The AM fungi might influence the spread of D. triflorum by the following steps: (1) the early stage of the lawn's development with only Z. tenuifolia growing but without D. triflorum present. This occurs at the very beginning of the lawn establishment, and the AM fungal spores that previously existed in the lawn soil first infected the fine roots of Z. tenuifolia and completed the life cycle on their own. (2) The early spreading stage of D. triflorum (level 1). The roots of the two plants come into contact with each other, inducing the external hyphae that originally grow closely on the Z. tenuifolia roots to infect the roots of D. triflorum. The difference between the mycorrhizal infections of the two host plants contributes to higher root mycorrhizal colonizations of D. triflorum compared with Z.tenuifolia. However, at this stage,D. triflorum is not as competitive as Z. tenuifolia in the lawn, although it has advantages in terms of mycorrhizal infections. Therefore, the soil AM fungal spores are still predominantly produced by the mycorrhizal structures of the AMF-infected Z. tenuifolia roots. (3) The intermediate spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 2 and 3). Desmodium triflorum continues to spread in the lawn. The contact of the two plants becomes more frequent and further induces a much closer relationship between the AM infections of the two plants. The increased D. triflorum plants in the lawn and the advantage of D. triflorum in root mycorrhizal infections facilitate the contribution of the mycorrhizal structures of the D. triflorum roots to sporulation. Thus, in this stage, the soil AM fungal spores were produced by the mycorrhizal structures of both plants, thereby inducing insignificant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of either Z. tenuifolia or D. triflorum. (4) The late spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 4 and 5). Desmodium triflorum is dominant in the lawn.The large numbers of D. triflorum plants and the AM infection advantage of D. triflorum facilitate AMF sporulation in the soil, thereby inducing significant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of D. triflorum. At the different spreading stages of D. triflorum, the soil AM fungal communities also change as a result of the changed contributions of the AMF-infected host plants to the sporulation.

Figure 5 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 5. The relative abundance and community composition at the family (A) and species levels (B) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils of different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels.

Figure 2 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 2. Dynamics of the total, hyphal, and vesicular colonizations of Zoysia tenuifolia and Desmodium triflorum among different D. triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season," "Coverage," and "Species" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels and between the two plants, respectively.

Figure 4 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 4. Correlations among the root mycorrhizal colonizations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore densities ("AMF spore density"), and soil properties in different coverage levels of Desmodium triflorum. ZTC, ZHC, and ZVC in light-green circles indicate the total colonization (TC), hyphal colonization (HC), and vesicular colonization (VC) of Zoysia tenuifolia, respectively. DTC, DHC, and DVC in light-red circles indicate the TC, HC, and VC of D. triflorum, respectively. Green lines and green-colored numbers indicate significant correlations between the colonization indicators of Z. tenuifolia and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Red lines and red-colored numbers indicate significant correlations between the colonization indicators of Z. tenuifolia and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Dark-green double arrows and dark-green numbers indicate the correlations between the colonizations of Z. tenuifolia and those of D. triflorum and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Light-blue double arrows and light-blue numbers indicate the correlations between the spore densities and soil properties/root colonizations and corresponding correlation coefficients,respectively. Darkyellow double arrows and dark-yellow numbers indicate the correlations between the soil properties and root colonizations and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Correlation is significant at: *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001. The minus sign indicates a negative correlation. Insignificant correlations are not shown.

Figure 1 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 1. Dynamics of the soil physiochemical properties (average ± SE, n = 5) within different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season" and "Coverage" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels, respectively. Level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4, and level 5 indicate the coverage levels of D. triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn, respectively, in this and all following figures.

Figs. 9–15 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Figs. 9–15. Adult specimens and genitalia of Calicotis rotundinidus. 9–10, Male specimen, TAIWAN: Hulian, Shioulin, Gekou; 11–12, Female specimen, TAIWAN: New Taipei City, Wulai, Bauching temple; 13–14, Male genitalia; 15, Female genitalia. Scale bars: 9–12 = 5 mm; 13–14 = 1 mm; 15 = 1 mm.

Figs. 2–8 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Figs. 2–8. Adult specimens and genitalia of Calicotis attiei. 2–3, Male specimen, TAIWAN: Hualian, Shioulin, Gekou; 4–5, Female specimen, TAIWAN: Hualian, Shioulin, Gekou; 6–7, Male genitalia; 8, Female genitalia. Scale bars: 2–5 = 5 mm; 6–7 = 1 mm; 8 = 1 mm.

Fig. 35 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 35. Eggs of Calicotis attiei (blue arrows) on the sporangiospores of Microsorum scolopendria. Image by Masahiko Tanahashi. Scale bar = 1 mm

Figs. 23–34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Figs. 23–34. Immatures and adults of Calicotis species from Taiwan. 23, Immature artifacts of C. attiei on Nephrolepis biserrata. 24, Larva of C. attiei. 25, Cocoon of C. attiei. 26, Adult resting, photo of C. attiei. 27, Immature artifacts of C. rotundinidus on Asplenium austalasicum. 28, Larva of C. rotundinidus. 29, Cocoon of C. rotundinidus. 30, Adult resting, photo of C. rotundinidus. 31, Immature artifacts of C. exclamationis on Neolepisorus fortune. 32, Larva of C. exclamationis. 33, Cocoon of C. excalamationis. 34, Adult resting, photo of C. excalamationis.

Figs. 16–22 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Figs. 16–22. Adult specimens and genitalia of Calicotis exclamationis. 16–17, Male specimen, TAIWAN: New Taipei City, Pinglin, Jianshanhu; 18–19, Female specimen, TAIWAN: Taoyuan, Fuxing, Shiuanyuan; 20–21, Male genitalia; 22, Female genitalia. Scale bars: 16–19 = 5 mm; 20–21 = 1 mm; 22 = 1 mm.

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Fig. 1. A in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 1. A map of Taiwan showing the occurrence records of Pteropus dasymallus. Full circles, empty circles and empty triangles represent resident populations and sporadic and dubious records, respectively. Approximate locations are presented for numbers 1–6, 9 and 21, where precise coordinates are unavailable (please refer to Table 1 for the details of localities).

Fig. 7 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Lewisister from Taiwan. Red circle: L. masumotoi sp. nov. Green square: L. excellens.

Fig. 6 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 6. Lewisister masumotoi sp. nov. A, 8th tergite and sternite, dorsal view. B, Ditto, lateral view. C, Ditto, ventral view. D, 9th and 10th tergites, dorsal view. E, Ditto, lateral view. F, 9th sternite (spiculus), dorsal view. G, Ditto, lateral view. H, Aedeagus, dorsal view. I, Ditto, lateral view. J, Apical part of aedeagus, dorsal view.

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Fig. 2 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 2. Locations in the United States and British Virgin Islands where Coryphopterus were found infected with Pharodes tortugensis. Numbers correspond to sites listed in table 1.

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Fig. 9 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 9. Weight-length relationship in parasitized and unparasitized gobies (C. glaucofraenum and C. venezuelae pooled).

Fig. 3. Lewisister excellens Bickhardt, 1912. A, 8 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 3. Lewisister excellens Bickhardt, 1912. A, 8th tergite and sternite, dorsal view. B, Ditto, lateral view. C, Ditto, ventral view. D, 9th and 10th tergites, dorsal view. E, Ditto, lateral view. F, 9th sternite (spiculus), dorsal view. G, Ditto, lateral view. H, Aedeagus, dorsal view. I, Ditto, lateral veiw.

Fig. 5 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 5. Ecological niche models built with Maxent based on WorldClim 2 variables, evaluating the effect of expected climate change under different scenarios. a) RCP4.5 (intermediate scenario); b) RCP8.5 (worst-case scenario).

Fig. 4 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 4. Model of the niche stability along the paleo-climatic sequence. The region in yellow indicates greater temporal stability and putative refugia for each clade of O. hannah.

Fig. 3 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 3. Ecological niche models built with Maxent based on WorldClim 2 variables, showing a sequence of paleo-climatic projections, mid Holocene (6 Ka), last glacial maximum (LGM, 20 Ka), and Last Interglacial (LIG, 135 Ka), and Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene, 787 Ka) and Piacenzian age (Late Pliocene, 3.3 Ma) and under present conditions: ka, thousand years ago, ma million years ago.

Fig. 2 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 2. Bayesian phylogeny of Ophiophagus hannah based on mitochondrial concatenated sequences depicting the main four clades. Nodes marked with asterisks are supported by posterior probabilities equal or larger than 0.9.