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FIGURE 2. Gammarus shirazinus n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges

FIGURE 2. Gammarus shirazinus n. sp., holotype, ♂, 22 mm., from Pole-Berenji spring, S of Shiraz. A: antenna 1, B: antenna 1, enlarged ventral tip of first peduncle, C; antenna 2, D: head capsule, E: mandible, F:Palp of mandible, G: exopodite of Maxilipede, H: left palp of maxilla 1, I: right palp of maxilla 1, and J: telson.

FIGURE 1 in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges

FIGURE 1. Map of the study area from Central to Southeast of Fars Province, Iran. Bold lines indicate borders of river catchments.

FIGURE 10. Gammarus loeffleri n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges

FIGURE 10. Gammarus loeffleri n. sp., holotype, Ψ, 7.5 mm., from Cheshme Golabi spring, W of Darab. A: basis of pereopod 5, B: basis of pereopod 6, C: basis of pereopod 7, D: epimeral plates, and E: oostegite 1.

FIGURE 7. Gammarus loeffleri n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges

FIGURE 7. Gammarus loeffleri n. sp., holotype, ♂, 12.5 mm., from Cheshme Golabi spring, W of Darab. A: antenna 1, B: antenna 2, C: head capsule, D: mandible, E: palp of mandible, F: exopodite of maxilliped, G–H: left palp of maxilla 1, I: right palp of maxilla 1, and J: telson.

embargoedcc-by-4.0Dec 2024View details →

Data on the quantitative response of microbial populations to prolonged drought and soil wetness under cold and warm spring conditions. Simulation in Phytotrone

<table> <tbody> <tr> <td>The soil microbial response to changes in temperature and weather patterns was assessed in phytotron, with central-eastern Po Valley (Bologna province) in northern Italy as a point of reference. Prolonged soil drought (20% field capacity FC), prolonged wet (above FC) and moderate drought (commonly occurring at 50% FC) were simulated at two spring temperatures, which were approximately + 2°C and -2°C colder and warmer compared to average temperatures in the central-eastern Po Valley.<span>  </span><br>The response of total fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota was quantified using 18S gene copy numbers and digital PCR, that of total bacteria using 16S gene copy numbers and Real Time PCR.<br>The experimental setting of each of the two cycles (cold and warm spring) consisted of a total of 30 pots for a 60-day growing period, after a pre-period of 15 days during which pots, after wheat sown, were maintained at the same temperature and soil water content (22 °C and 50% field capacity) in order to guarantee that seedlings reached the two-leaf stage.<br>The soil<span>  </span>used for the in-pot trial was a loam-silty soil classified as Udifluventic Haplustepts fine silty, mixed mesifocusing collected from a ploughed soil.<span>  </span>Soil samples for the quantification of microbial populations were collected at the end of the 60-day cicles on the rhizo-head of wheat plants.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

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The timing of spring warming shapes reproductive effort in a warm-water fish: the role of mismatches between hepatic and gonadal processes

Spring-spawning fishes native to northern environments rely on both increasing temperature and lengthening photoperiod to cue reproduction and may thus be particularly sensitive to rapid warming earlier in the year while day lengths remain short. We investigated the reproductive response of pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus to spring warming commencing at a range of day lengths (9 – 15 hours), corresponding to various calendar days (January 10 – May 22). In both the laboratory and field, both male and female fish that experienced early warming while day lengths were <11 hours: 1) failed to initiate reproductive preparation in the liver before gonad development began, and 2) had reduced reproductive allocation. Analysis of published data on temperate fishes suggested that liver development prior to gonad development is widespread across warm-, cool-, and cold-water thermal guilds, though the precise phenology of liver relative to gonad development appears to vary widely among species. Together, our results point toward dampened reproductive preparation as a novel mechanism mediating reduced reproductive output in both warm- and cool-water fish following earlier spring warming.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Spring-flowering herbs in North American temperate forests advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures

<ol> <li>The phenologies of co-occurring trees and spring-blooming understory herbs in northeastern hardwood forests appear to be regulated by different environmental drivers—air temperature and soil temperature/snowpack, respectively. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that climate change-driven asymmetry in the advancement of canopy leaf-out relative to the timing of understory growth could reduce photosynthetic rates and reproductive success of understory herbs through greater early-season shading.</li> <li>To determine whether trees and spring-flowering spring-flowering forest herbs are advancing their phenologies at different rates with respect to increasing global temperatures, we examined the phenological responses to warming of 10 species of trees and 11 species of spring-flowering forest herbs (8,045 observations from 965 sites) in northeastern North America using 13 years of data collected by citizen scientists under the auspices of the USA-National Phenology Network.</li> <li>Contrary to expectation, the timing of leaf-out of spring-flowering forest herbs was more strongly associated with temperature than was timing of tree leaf-out, with a mean response rate of −4.9 days/˚C (95% BCI [−5.2, −4.6]) for spring-flowering forest herbs <em>vs.</em> −3.3 days/℃ (95% BCI [−3.5, −3.1]) for trees. However, the response to temperature was not consistent across the latitudinal range, with spring-flowering forest herbs responding more strongly to warming than trees at middle (40–44˚N) and higher (45–48˚N) latitudes but not at lower latitudes (35–39˚N). </li> <li>In contrast to what has been suggested previously, our results suggest that the growing season and carbon uptake of spring-flowering forest herbs could increase as spring temperatures rise. Our study is the first to show spring-flowering forest herbs advancing their phenology at a higher rate than trees with respect to warming.</li> </ol>

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Data from: Current spring warming as a driver of selection on reproductive timing in a wild passerine

1. Evolutionary adaptation as a response to climate change is expected for fitness-related traits affected by climate and exhibiting genetic variance. Although the relationship between warmer spring temperature and earlier timing of reproduction is well documented, quantifications and predictions of the impact of global warming on natural selection acting on phenology in wild populations remain rare. If global warming affects fitness in a similar way across individuals within a population, or if fitness consequences are independent of phenotypic variation in key-adaptive traits, then no evolutionary response is expected for these traits. 2. Here we quantified the selection pressures acting on laying date during a 24-year monitoring of blue tits in southern Mediterranean France, a hot spot of climate warming. We explored the temporal fluctuation in annual selection gradients and we determined its temperature-related drivers. 3. We first investigated the month-specific warming since 1970 in our study site and tested its influence on selection pressures using a model averaging approach. Then, we quantified the selection strength associated with temperature anomalies experienced by the blue tit population. 4. We found that natural selection acting on laying date significantly fluctuated both in magnitude and in sign across years. After identifying a significant warming in spring and summer, we showed that warmer daily maximum temperatures in April were significantly associated with stronger selection pressures for reproductive timing. Our results indicated an increase in the strength of selection by 46% for every +1°C anomaly. 5. Our results confirm the general assumption that recent climate change translates into strong selection favouring earlier breeders in passerine birds. Our findings also suggest that differences in fitness among individuals varying in their breeding phenology increase with climate warming. Such climate driven influence on the strength of directional selection acting on laying date could favour an adaptive response in this trait, since it is heritable.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

FIGURES 151–154 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 151–154. SEM. Nitzschia vitrea. Internal valve views of three specimens. Fig. 151, Full valve showing variably spaced fibulae. Fig. 152, Tilted specimen showing striae that continue across roughly ⅔ of the valve mantle. Fig. 153, Apex with small helictoglossa and prominent fibula. Fig. 154, Central area showing elongate areolae and striae that are interrupted at the fibulae. Scale bars: Fig. 151: 20 µm; Fig. 152 µm: 10; Figs 153–154: 1 µm.

FIGURES 145–150 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 145–150. SEM. Nitzschia vitrea. External views of six specimens. Fig. 145, View of the valve face with interrupted striae. Fig. 146, Girdle view of a valve showing the prominent keel and constriction at the valve center. Fig. 147, Valve view of the apex with the raphe positioned at the top of the keel. Fig. 148, Side view of the apex showing a complete row of areolae closest to the raphe and the hyaline region along the edge of the mantle. Fig. 149, Valve center with continuous raphe. Fig. 150, Broken valve showing the areola openings narrowing on inside of the valve. Scale bars: Figs 145–146: 20 µm; Figs 147–150: 1 µm.

FIGURES 135–137 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 135–137. SEM. Lunella excentrica. Internal views of three specimens. Fig. 135. Full valve view showing radiate striae. Fig. 136, Full valve view showing arched raphe branches, prominent helictoglossae, and relatively short striae on ventral side of the valve at the center. Fig. 137, Nearly lineolate areolae and straight proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: Figs 135–136: 2 µm; Fig. 137: 0.5 µm.

FIGURES 120–124 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 120–124. SEM. Mastogloia variabilis. Internal views of four specimens. Fig. 120, Full valve view of a large specimen with a large central nodule and helictoglossa. Fig. 121, View showing the pseudoseptae and internal structure of the central area. Fig. 122, View of the valvocopulum showing the internal and external openings and the surface lacking poroids, indicated by white arrows. Fig. 123, Internal openings in the valvocopulum, straight proximal raphe ends, and inconsistent quincunx form of the areolae near the valve center. Fig. 124, Apex showing the valvocopulum with a small septum sitting on top of the valve pseudoseptum. The quincunx form of the areolae is apparent. Scale bars: Figs 120–121: 10 µm; Figs 122–124: 1 µm.

FIGURES 132–134 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 132–134. SEM. Lunella excentrica. External views of three specimens. Fig.132, Full valve view showing radiate striae along the dorsal side of the valve. Fig. 133, Apex with ventrally deflected distal raphe ends. Fig. 134, Central area with straight proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: Fig. 132: 2 µm; Figs 133–134: 1 µm.

FIGURES 116–119 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 116–119. SEM. Mastogloia variabilis. External views of three specimens. Fig. 116, Full valve view showing undulate raphe branches and especially protracted apices. Fig. 117, Specimen with large central area and many depressions on the central area. Fig. 118, Large, deflected distal raphe end, free of striae. Fig. 119, Central area showing dilated proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: Figs 116–117: 10 µm; Figs 118–119: 1 µm.

FIGURES 106–115 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 106–115. LM. Mastogloia variabilis. Valve views showing size diminution series. Figure 108 is the holotype. Note the variable degree of transapical valve symmetry. Figures 109 and 110 show the partecta structure at different focal planes. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIGURES 97–100 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 97–100. SEM. Fallacia pseudolitoricola. External views of four specimens. Fig. 97, Full valve view showing the conopeum and the distal raphe ends deflected in the same direction. Fig. 98, Apex with longitudinal depression at the edge of the conopeum. Fig. 99, Apex with few small, round depressions adjacent to the raphe. Fig. 100, Central area showing a relatively shallow depression at the edge of the conopeum. Scale bars: Fig. 97: 5 µm; Figs 98–100: 1 µm.

FIGURES 138–144 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 138–144. LM. Nitzschia vitrea. Valve views showing the size diminution series. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIGURES 90–96 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 90–96. LM. Fallacia pseudolitoricola. Valve views showing the size diminution series. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIGURES 101–105 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 101–105. SEM. Fallacia pseudolitoricola. Internal and external views of five specimens. Fig. 101, Full internal valve view showing the pseudo-lyre-shaped canals. Fig. 102, Internal apex with small helictoglossa. Fig. 103, Internal view of a specimen with canals that stop short of the valve center. Fig. 104, External view of a broken specimen showing the canals. Fig. 105, Internal view of a specimen with canals that continue to the valve center. Scale bars: Fig. 101: 5 µm; Figs 102–105: 1 µm.

FIGURES 84–89 in New and Interesting Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Blue Lake Warm Springs, Tooele County, Utah

FIGURES 84–89. SEM. Envekadea vanlandinghamii. External and internal valve views of four specimens. Fig. 84, Full external valve view showing the sharp transition of the striae from radiate to convergent. Fig. 85, Curved, deeply-set external distal raphe end with asymmetrical terminus of the axial area. Fig. 86, Closely spaced, widely T-shaped external proximal raphe ends. Fig. 87, Narrow and thickened internal axial area. Fig. 88, Fine helictoglossa with end pointed inward. Fig. 89, Closely spaced internal proximal raphe ends and radiate striae. Scale bars: Figs 84, 87: 10 µm; Figs 85–86, 88–89: 1 µm.