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80 results for “squamate reptiles”
FIG. 6. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 6. — A-E, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F, G, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803); F, supraoccipital, dorsal view; G, left exoccipital, lateral view; H, I, Rhinechis cf. Rh. scalaris (Schinz, 1822), right articular, lateral and medial views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 5. — A-L in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 5. — A-L, small lacertids; A-F, frontals, ventral and dorsal views; G, H, parietal, ventral and dorsal views; I, premaxilla, posterior view; J, K, jugal, dorsal and lateral views; L, "Psammodromus-Acanthodactylus" type, right dentary, medial view; M, "Podarcis" type, left dentary, medial view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 2. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 2. — A, cf. Discoglossus, left ilium, lateral view; B-E, Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829); B, left squamosal, lateral view; C, right part of frontoparietal, dorsal view; D, E, left ilium, lateral and medial views; F-J, Pelodytes cf. P. punctatus (Daudin, 1802); F, G, left ilium, lateral and medial views; H, left humerus of a female, ventral view; I, J, trunk vertebra, dorsal and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 8. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 8. — A-E, Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F-J, Vipera latasti Boscá, 1878, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the molecular tree according to Townsend et al. (2004). For details see legend to Figure 1.
Figure 3 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 3. Phylogenetic reconstruction of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the molecular tree according to Vidal & Hedges (2005). For details see legend to Figure 1.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 1. Parsimony analysis of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the 'morphological' tree. Circles indicate maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral states, only nodes with significant reconstruction are shown (tested by likelihood-ratio test). Numbers in parentheses indicate the counts of species within a genus that share
Figure 11 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 11. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Amphisbaena fuliginosa Linnaeus (1758), ventral view; B, A. fuliginosa, transverse cutaway slice 118; C, Rhineura floridana, ventral view; D, R. floridana, transverse cutaway slice 169. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 12 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 12. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Acontias percivali, ventral view; B, A. percivali, transverse cutaway slice 107; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, ventral view; D, D. novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 081; E, Anniella pulchra, ventral view; F, A. pulchra, transverse cutaway slice 152. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 8 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 8. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), ventral view; B, V. exanthematicus, transverse cutaway slice 106; C, Feylinia polylepis, ventral view; D, F. polylepis, transverse cutaway slice 100. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 5 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 5. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Rhacodactylus auriculatus, ventral view; B, R. auriculatus, transverse cutaway slice 038; C, Saltuarius cornutus, sagittal cutaway slice 176; D, R. auriculatus, sagittal cutaway slice 184. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 4 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 4. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Uromastyx aegyptia, ventral view; B, U. aegyptia, transverse cutaway slice 047; C, Plica plica, sagittal cutaway slice 148; D, Morunasaurus annularis, sagittal cutaway slice 163. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 3 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 3. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions of Sphenodon punctatus. A, ventral view; B, transverse cutaway slice 024. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 10 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 10. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Typhlops jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 146; B, Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766), transverse cutaway slice 089; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 113; D, T. jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 186; E, Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758), transverse cutaway slice 081; F, Xenodermus javanicus, transverse cutaway slice 070. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 2 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 2. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Morunasaurus annularis, ventral view; B, M. annularis, transverse cutaway slice 151; C, Tiliqua scincoides (White, 1790), ventral view; D, T. scincoides, transverse cutaway slice 150. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 9 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 9. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Heloderma horridum (Wiegmann, 1829), ventral view; B, H. horridum, sagittal cutaway slice 160; C, Lanthanotus borneensis, ventral view; D, L. borneensis, transverse cutaway slice 067. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 6. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768), ventral view; B, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 066; C, L. viridis, sagittal cutaway slice 173; D, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 087; E, Cordylus mossambicus (Fitzsimons, 1958), transverse cutaway slice 107. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 7 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 7. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions of Ophisaurus apodus. A, ventral view; B, sagittal cutaway slice 161; C, transverse cutaway slice 091. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Determinate growth is predominant and likely ancestral in squamate reptiles
<p>Body growth is typically thought to be indeterminate in ectothermic vertebrates. Indeed, until recently, this growth pattern was considered to be ubiquitous in ectotherms. Our recent observations of a complete growth plate cartilage (GPC) resorption, a reliable indicator of arrested skeletal growth, in many species of lizards clearly reject the ubiquity of indeterminate growth in reptiles and raise the question about the ancestral state of the growth pattern. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), here we examined GPCs of long bones in three basally branching clades of squamate reptiles, namely in Gekkota, Scincoidea, and Lacertoidea. A complete loss of GPC, indicating skeletal growth arrest, was the predominant finding. Using a dataset of 164 species representing all major clades of lizards and the tuataras, we traced the evolution of determinate growth on the phylogenetic tree of Lepidosauria. The reconstruction of character states suggests that determinate growth is ancestral for the squamate reptiles (Squamata) and remains common in the majority of lizard lineages, while extended (potentially indeterminate) adult growth evolved several times within squamates. Although traditionally associated with endotherms, determinate growth is coupled with ectothermy in this lineage. These findings combined with existing literature suggest that determinate growth predominates in both extant and extinct amniotes.</p>
Corticosterone and immune responses to dehydration in squamate reptiles
<p class="MsoListParagraph">Many environments present some degree of seasonal water limitations; organisms that live in such environments must be adapted to survive periods without permanent water access. Often this involves the ability to tolerate dehydration, which can have adverse physiological effects and is typically considered a physiological stressor. While having many functions, the hormone corticosterone (CORT) is often released in response to stressors, yet increasing plasma CORT while dehydrated could be considered maladaptive, especially for species that experience predictable bouts of dehydration and have related coping mechanisms. Elevating CORT could reduce immunocompetence and have other negative physiological effects. Thus, such species likely have CORT and immune responses adapted to experiencing seasonal droughts. We evaluated how dehydration affects CORT and immune function in eight squamate species that naturally experience varied water limitation.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">We tested whether hydric state affected plasma CORT concentrations and aspects of immunocompetence (lysis, agglutination, bacterial killing ability, and white blood cell counts) differently among species based on how seasonally water limited they are and whether this is constrained by phylogeny. The species represented four familial pairs, with one species of each pair inhabiting environments with frequent access to water and one naturally experiencing extended periods (>30 days) with no access to standing water.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The effects of dehydration on CORT and immunity varied among species. Increases in CORT were generally not associated with reduced immunocompetence, indicating CORT and immunity might be decoupled in some species. Interspecies variations in responses to dehydration were more clearly grouped by phylogeny than habitat type.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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