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FIGURE 9 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 9. Fossil remains of Naja cf. romani from FP 1: A, venom fang (UBB V 969) in anterior view; B-G, presacral vertebrae (UBB V 970/1-4) in dorsal (B, F), ventral (C, G), lateral (D) and anterior (E) views; H-J, caudal vertebra (UBB V 970/5) in dorsal (H), anterior (I) and ventral (J) views. Scale bars (A; B-J) equal 2 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 8. Fossil snake vertebrae from FP 1: A-B, Scolecophidia indet. (UBB V 965/1-2) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; C-I, Natrix sp. (UBB V 967/1-5) in dorsal (C, D, I), ventral (F), anterior (E) and lateral (G, H) views; J, Colubridae indet. (UBB V 968/1) in ventral view. Scale bars (A-B; C-J) equal 2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 7. Fossil remains of Anguinae indet. sp. 2 from FP 1: A, fragmentary maxilla (UBB V 960/1) in lingual view; B-D, fragmentary dentaries (UBB V 960/2-4 in lingual views; E-F, osteoderms (UBB V 962/3-4) in dorsal view; G-H, presacral vertebra (UBB V 961/1) in dorsal and anterior views. Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 6. Fossil remains of lacertids (A-F) and anguids (G-I) from FP 1: A-C, dentary fragments of Lacertidae indet. sp. 1 (UBB V 957/2-4) in lingual views; D, left dentary of Lacertidae indet. sp. 1 (UBB V 958) in lingual view; E-F, dentary fragments of Lacertidae indet. sp. 2 (UBB V 959/3-4) in lingual views; G-I, presacral vertebra of Anguinae indet. sp. 1 (UBB V 964/1) in ventral, lateral and anterior views; J, fragmentary osteoderm of Anguinae indet. sp. 1 (UBB V 964/2) in dorsal view. Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 5. Fossil remains of Bufotes cf. viridis (A-F) and Pelophylax sp. (G-J) from FP 1: A, sacral vertebra (UBB V 950) in ventral view; B-C, distal fragments of humeri (UBB V 951/1-2) in ventral views; D-F, fragmentary ilia (UBB V 952/1-3) in lateral views; G-H, fragmentary frontoparietals (UBB V 953/1-2) in dorsal (G) and ventral (H) views; I, angulosplenial (UBB V 954/2) in dorsal view; J, fragmentary ilium (UBB V 956) in lateral view. Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 4. Fossil remains of Latonia sp. (A, B) and Pelobates sp. (C-J) from FP 1: A-B, fragmentary ilia (UBB V 944/ 1-2) in lateral views; C, premaxilla (UBB V 945/1) in posterior view; D, angulosplenial (UBB V 946/3) in dorsal view; EF, fragmentary frontoparietal (UBB V 945/2) in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views; G-H, fragmentary maxillae (UBB V 946/ 1-2 in lingual (G) and (H) labial views; I-J, presacral vertebra (UBB V 947) in ventral (I) and dorsal (J) views. Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 3. Fossil remains of Triturus sp. from FP 1: A, atlas (UBB V 941) in ventral view; B-G, presacral vertebrae (UBB V 942/1-2) in dorsal (B, E), lateral (D, G) and ventral (C, D) views; H, proximal fragment of femur (UBB V 943/1); I, distal fragment of femur (UBB V 943/2). Scale bar equals 2 mm.

FIGURE 1. Geological setting. A in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 1. Geological setting. A, geological map of Moldova region, Romania and location of the Fălciu-Prut 1 fossil site (compiled after: Ionesi (1994) - geology; Săndulescu (1984), Răileanu et al. (2011) - tectonics; Haase et al. (2007) - loess cover); B, lithological log of the FP 1 fossil site.

FIGURE 2 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late Miocene of Fălciu (Eastern Romania)

FIGURE 2. Fossil remains of Chelotriton sp. from FP 1: A-C, left oticooccipital (UBB V 939) in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and medial (C) views; D-E, fragmentary frontal (UBB V 940/1) in dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views; F-G, fragmentary dentary (UBB V 940/2) in labial (F) and lingual (G) views; H, rib fragment (UBB V 938/4) in lateral view; I-J, presacral vertebrae (UBB V 938/1-3) in ventral (I, J) and dorsal views (K). Abbreviations: coc, occipital condyle; fen, endolymphatic foramen; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpe, perilymphatic foramen; pb, basal process, VII, facial nerve foramen; VIII, auditory nerve foramina; IX + X, glossopharyngeal + vagus nerve foramen. Scale bar equals 2 mm.

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Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals

Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm.

FIG. 5 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 5. — Varanus sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 54), in anterior (a), dorsal (d), left lateral (l), posterior (p), and ventral (v) views. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4. — A, B in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 4. — A, B, Pseudopus laurillardi (Lartet, 1851); A, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 39); B, posterior part of a braincase (Béon 2004 LT 38); C, Ophisaurus sp., left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 49). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), medial (m), and right lateral (r) views. Abbreviations: dr, dorsal ridge; pms, posteromedial surface of paroccipital process; vb, ventral border of trigeminal notch. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm.

FIG. 2 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 2. — Latonia cf. L. ragei Hossini, 1993; A, left premaxilla (Béon 2004 LT 11); B, right maxilla (Béon 2004 LT 12); C, right oticoccipital (Béon 2004 LT 14); D, sacral vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 16); E, left humerus of a male (Béon 2004 LT 18); F, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 20). Anterior (a), dorsal (d), medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 1. — Caudata; A, cf. Chelotriton sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 1); B, Triturus aff. T. helveticus (Razoumowsky, 1789), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 2); C, Triturus cf. T. marmoratus (Latreille, 1800), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 5). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 3. — A-C in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 3. — A-C, Rana sp. synkl. R. esculenta Linnaeus, 1758; A, left humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 24); B, right humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 25); C, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 27); D, gekkonid lizard, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 28); E, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 1, left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 30); F, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 2, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 32). Medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 10 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 10. — Percentages of the amphibians and squamate reptiles from Almenara-Casablanca-3 grouped together by climatic and environmental affinities. We have considered here some typical Mediterranean species suggesting "warm" climatic conditions (Blanus cinereus and Chalcides bedriagai), high-lying areas species suggesting "fresher" climatic conditions (cf. Discoglossus, Bufo bufo, Natrix natrix, Vipera latasti), some aquatic or water edges species (cf. Discoglossus and Pelophylax perezi), species suggesting a some environmental humidity (cf. Discoglossus, Pelodytes punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai, N. natrix), species suggesting a dry (small lacertids, Rhinechis scalaris, Malpolon monspessulanus and V. latasti) or arid environment (Pelobates cultripes), species suggesting a wooded landscape (cf. Discoglossus, P. punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai and N. natrix) and finally species suggesting a more open landscape (P. cultripes and V. latasti).

FIG. 7. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 7. — A-E, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior,left-lateral and posterior views; F-J, Rhinechis scalaris (Schinz, 1822), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 4. — A-D in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 4. — A-D, Blanus cinereus (Vandelli, 1797); A, right dentary, medial view; B-D, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and right-lateral views; E-I, Chalcides cf. Ch. bedriagai (Boscá, 1880); E, F, right dentary, medial and lateral views; G-I, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and anterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 3. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 3. — A, Bufo sp., left ilium, lateral view; B, C, Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); B, left scapula, dorso-lateral view; C, right humerus of a male, ventral view; D-G, Pelophylax cf. P. perezi Seoane, 1885; D, E, right frontoparietal, ventral and dorsal views; F, G, left ilium, lateral and distal views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 9. — Measurements of "colubrine" trunk vertebrae (from Szyndlar 1984; modified), and comparison of biometrical ratios between the Almenara-Casablanca-3 material (in black) and modern specimens (in grey) for Coronella girondica (Cg), Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Hh), Rhinechis scalaris (Rs) and Malpolon monspessulanus (Mm). Abbreviations: CL, centrum length; CNW, condyle neck width; NAW, centrum width; PO-PO, width between the outer edges of postzygapophyseal articular surfaces; PR-PO, length from the anterior edge of prezygapophyseal articular surface to the posterior edge of postzygapophyseal articular surface; PR-PR, width between the outer edges of prezygapophyseal articular surfaces. Data on recent specimens from Blain (2005).