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117 results for “starling”
Data from: Long-term, not short-term, temperatures predict timing of egg-laying in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
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Data from: Physiological predictors of reproductive performance in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Background: It is widely assumed that variation in fitness components has a physiological basis that might underlie selection on trade-offs, but the mechanisms driving decreased survival and future fecundity remain elusive. Here, we assessed whether physiological variables are related to workload ability or immediate fitness consequences and if they mediate future survival or reproductive success. We used data on 13 physiological variables measured in 93 female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at two breeding stages (incubation, chick-rearing), for first-and second-broods over two years (152 observations). Results: There was little co-variation among the physiological variables, either in incubating or chick-rearing birds, but some systematic physiological differences between the two stages. Chick-rearing birds had lower hematocrit and plasma creatine kinase but higher hemoglobin, triglyceride and uric acid levels. Only plasma corticosterone was repeatable between incubation and chick-rearing. We assessed relationships between incubation or chick-rearing physiology and measures of workload, current productivity, future fecundity or survival in a univariate manner, and found very few significant relationships. Thus, we next explored the utility of multivariate analysis (principal components analysis, Mahalanobis distance) to account for potentially complex physiological integration, but still found no clear associations. Conclusions: This implies either that a) birds maintained physiological variables within a homeostatic range that did not affect their performance, b) there are relatively few links between physiology and performance, or, more likely, c) that the complexity of these relationships exceeds our ability to measure it. Variability in ecological context may complicate the relationship between physiology and behavior. We thus urge caution regarding the over-interpretation of isolated significant findings, based on single traits in single years, in the literature.
Data from: Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
In many species, empirical data suggest that temperatures less than 1 month before breeding strongly influence laying date, consistent with predictions that short lag times between cue and response are more reliable, decreasing the chance of mismatch with prey. Here we show in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) that mid-winter temperature ca 50–90 days before laying (8 January–22 February) strongly (r2 = 0.89) predicts annual variation in laying date. Mid-winter temperature also correlated highly with relative clutch size: birds laid later, but laid larger clutches, in years when mid-winter temperatures were lower. Despite a high degree of breeding synchrony (mean laying date 5–13 April = ±4 days; 80% of nests laid within 4.8 days within year), European starlings show strong date-dependent variation in clutch size and productivity, but this appears to be mediated by a different temporal mechanism for integration of supplemental cue (temperature) information. We suggest the relationship between mid-winter temperature and breeding phenology might be indirect with both components correlating with a third factor: temperature-dependent development of the starling's insect (tipulid) prey. Mid-winter temperatures might set the trajectory of growth and final biomass of tipulid larvae, with this temperature cue providing starlings with information on breeding season prey availability (though exactly how remains unknown).
Data from: Timing of egg-laying in relation to a female's social environment in European starlings
<p>It is widely assumed that female birds use non-photic supplemental cues, including social factors, to fine-tune timing of egg-laying to local conditions, but our knowledge of the nature of these social cues and how they operate remains limited. We analyzed the relationship between a female's social environment (nearest neighbor distances, residency, female -and- network familiarity, synchrony) and variation in timing of egg-laying in European starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>) using individual, residual laying date (controlling for annual variation) and temperature-independent residual laying date (accounting for the effect of ambient temperature on laying date). Female social environment varied systematically with overall spatial distribution of nest-boxes (linear vs clumped boxes) but this was not associated with spatial variation in laying date or temperature-independent residual laying date. We found no evidence for any relationships between individual variation in social environment and individual, residual laying date and only weak evidence for any association with individual, temperature-independent residual laying date. The latter was associated with a) nearest neighbor distances in the linear habitat, with females nesting closer to neighbors laying earlier than predicted by temperature, but not in the two clumped habitats, and b) neighbor familiarity: females with an intermediate number of returning females (3/8) laid closest to the predicted date. Finally, despite the fact that synchrony was not associated with other social environment metrics, females with lower laying synchrony among neighbors laid earlier than predicted by temperature. This suggests that some components of the female-female social environment could act as supplemental cues for timing of egg-laying.</p>
European Starling categorical perception chronic ephys and behavior dataset
<p>This dataset corresponds to the currently in-press paper "Expectation-driven sensory adaptations support enhanced acuity during categorical perception" in Nature Neuroscience. </p> <p> </p> <p>This dataset corresponds to the code at <a href="https://github.com/timsainb/cdcp_paper">https://github.com/timsainb/cdcp_paper</a></p> <p>Please refer to the readme for this GitHub repo, which contains all the necessary information for reproducing our analyses or using this data for additional analyses. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <pre> </pre>
Season, anthocyanin supplementation, and flight training have mixed effects on the antioxidant system of migratory European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p>Migratory birds engage in two periods of endurance flight annually as they travel between summer breeding and overwintering grounds, and such endurance flights likely incur oxidative costs. These costs may differ between fall and spring migration, especially for females who must prepare for breeding and egg laying in spring. The objective of this study of a migratory bird was to test proposed hypotheses about how key components of the female's antioxidant system differ in response to flight training in the fall and spring and to dietary antioxidant supplementation. We hand-raised female European starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and then fed them either a diet supplemented with dietary anthocyanins or a diet without added anthocyanins. <a name="_Hlk53656115">We then flew females in a windtunnel for 15 days during fall and spring migration seasons and measured over time oxidative damage (d-ROMs) and three components of the antioxidant system</a>—non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (OXY), uric acid, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Prior to flight training, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage were lower in females during spring compared to fall, and females fed a low-antioxidant diet had consistently higher circulating uric acid. GPx activity decreased more in spring immediately after a long-duration flight. Females fed a high-antioxidant diet had a greater decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity after the 15-day flight training. <a name="_Hlk53656268">Flight-trained females had higher circulating uric acid than untrained females immediately after the longest-duration flight</a>, and decreased GPx activity after the 15-day flight training. In sum, females upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidants in spring, and females fed a diet with less antioxidants appear to compensate by increasing circulating uric acid. Our findings emphasize the important role of dietary antioxidants for birds during migration, <a name="_Hlk53656372">and that similar flights in fall and spring likely represent distinct oxidative challenges in the life history of female birds.</a></p>
Data from: Environment but not geography explains genetic variation in the invasive and largely panmictic European starling in North America
Populations of invasive species that colonize and spread in novel environments may differentiate both through demographic processes and local selection throughout the genome. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were introduced to New York in 1890 and subsequently spread throughout North America, becoming one of the most widespread and numerous bird species on the continent. Genome-wide comparisons across starling individuals and populations can identify demographic and/or selective factors that facilitated this rapid and successful expansion. We investigated patterns of genomic diversity and differentiation using reduced-representation genome sequencing (ddRADseq) of 17 starling populations. Consistent with this species' high dispersal rates and rapid expansion history, we found low genome-wide differentiation and few FST outliers even at a continental scale. Despite starting from a founding population of approximately 180 individuals, North American starlings do not seem to have undergone a detectable genetic bottleneck: they have maintained an extremely large effective population size since introduction. We find more than 200 variants that correlate with temperature and/or precipitation. Genotype-environment associations (but not outlier scans) identify these SNPs against a background of negligible genome- and range-wide divergence. Such variants fall in the coding regions of genes associated with metabolism, stress, and neurological function. This evidence for incipient local adaptation in North American starlings suggests that it can evolve rapidly even in wide-ranging and evolutionarily young populations. This survey of genomic signatures of expansion in North American starlings is the most comprehensive to date and complements ongoing studies of world-wide local adaptation in these highly dispersive and invasive birds.
Plasticity in guarding superb starlings
<p class="MsoNormal">Cooperatively breeding vertebrates are common in unpredictable environments where the costs and benefits of providing offspring care fluctuate temporally. To balance these fitness outcomes, individuals of cooperatively breeding species often exhibit behavioral plasticity according to environmental conditions. Although individual variation in cooperative behaviors is well-studied, less is known about variation in plasticity of social behavior. Here, we examine the fitness benefits, plasticity, and repeatability of nest guarding behavior in cooperatively breeding superb starlings (<em>Lamprotornis superbus</em>). After demonstrating that the cumulative nest guarding performed at a nest by all breeders and helpers combined is a significant predictor of reproductive success, we model breeder and helper behavioral reaction norms to test the hypothesis that individuals invest more in guarding in favorable seasons with high rainfall. Variation in nest guarding behavior across seasons differed for individuals of different reproductive status: breeders showed plastic nest guarding behavior in response to rainfall, whereas helpers did not. Similarly, we found that individual breeders show repeatability and consistency in their nest guarding behavior while individual helpers did not. Thus, individuals with the potential to gain direct fitness benefits exhibit greater plasticity and individual-level repeatability in cooperative behavior.</p>
Unravelling the role of thyroid hormones in seasonal neuroplasticity in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p class="MsoNormal">Thyroid hormones clearly play a role in the seasonal regulation of reproduction, but any role they might play in song behavior and the associated seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds remains to be elucidated. To pursue this question, we first established seasonal patterns in the expression of thyroid hormone regulating genes in male European starlings employing in situ hybridization methods. Thyroid hormone transporter LAT1 expression in the song nucleus HVC was elevated during the photosensitive phase, pointing towards an active role of thyroid hormones during this window of possible neuroplasticity. In contrast, DIO3 expression was high in HVC during the photostimulated phase, limiting the possible effect of thyroid hormones to maintain song stability during the breeding season. Next, we studied the effect of hypothyroidism on song behavior and neuroplasticity using i<em>n vivo </em>MRI. Both under natural conditions as with methimazole treatment, circulating thyroid hormone levels decreased during the photosensitive period, which coincided with the onset of neuroplasticity. This inverse relationship between thyroid hormones and neuroplasticity was further demonstrated by the negative correlation between plasma T3 and the microstructural changes in several song control nuclei and cerebellum. Furthermore, maintaining hypothyroidism during the photostimulated period inhibited the increase in testosterone, confirming the role of thyroid hormones in activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. The lack of high testosterone levels influenced the song behavior of hypothyroid starlings, while the lack of high plasma T4 during photostimulation affected the myelination of several tracts. Potentially, a global reduction of circulating thyroid hormones during the photosensitive period is necessary to lift the brake on neuroplasticity imposed by the photorefractory period, whereas local fine-tuning of thyroid hormone concentrations through LAT1 could activate underlying neuroplasticity mechanisms. Whereas an increase in circulating T4 during the photostimulated period potentially influences the myelination of several white matter tracts, which stabilizes the neuroplastic changes. Given the complexity of thyroid hormone effects, this study is a steppingstone to disentangle the influence of thyroid hormones on seasonal neuroplasticity.</p>
132 Spreeuwenpot (Starling pot)
* Object: Spreeuwenpot * Materiaal: rood aardewerk * Afmeting: * Datering: 19e eeuw * Vindplaats: * Exemplaar nr: * Inventaris nr: * Beschrijving: jonge spreeuwen golden in de 16e en de 17e eeuw als een delicatesse. Ze werden gevangen in zogenaamde spreeuwenpotten, die aan een gevel hingen of er in gemetseld waren. Via de grote opening werden ze uit hun nest gehaald en verwerkt in gerechten als spreeuwensoep. * young starlings were considered to be a delicacy in early times. They were catched with a starling pot like this one, that hang on a facade or was mortated in, and eaten in soups. The lower extrusion of the pot had a hole to fit a branch, for the parent-bird to sit on. * https://survlivel.cultu.be/roll-thrush-blackbird-starling Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Figure 2B in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 2B. Egg of a cestode containing the hexacanth embryo with 6 hooks.
Figure 1B in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 1B. Unsporulated oocyst.
Figure 1 in A review of the ecology and conservation biology of Såli (Micronesian Starling, Aplonis opaca guami) on Guam
Figure 1. Såli, or Micronesian Starling (Aplonis opaca guami). Photo by Martin Kastner.
Data and code archive for Andrews et al. 'Exposure to food insecurity increases energy storage and reduces somatic maintenance in European starlings'
<p>Data and code archive for Andrews et al. 'Exposure to food insecurity increases energy storage and reduces somatic maintenance in European starlings'</p> <p>The archive contains one R script and three .Rdata data files, relating to the mass data, the telomere data, and the food consumption data respectively.</p>
Migration strategies, performance and annual activity budget in a short-distance migrant, the common starling Sturnus vulgaris
<p><span>Migratory birds typically separate energetically demanding parts of the annual cycle like breeding, moult, and migration with some species engaging in so-called moult-migration. Moult-migration is known to occur in starlings from the northern breeding populations, however, little is known about the dynamics of this phenomenon and the costs and benefits for the involved individuals. Here, using state-of-the-art multi-sensor geolocators, we gathered information about the annual cycles of 10 starlings from two breeding sites in Latvia. We used a novel analytical approach based on atmospheric pressure measurements to reveal that all but one of the tracked individuals migrated to wintering sites in the British Isles. Tracking data exposed two separate migration strategies – (1) departure from the breeding grounds in mid-June soon after chick fledging with long stationary periods at moulting sites approx. 900 km westward (n = 5 of 10); (2) residing in close vicinity of the breeding sites up until the end of October (n = 5 of 10). Accelerometer data revealed significantly higher activity budgets during moult for the individuals exhibiting moult-migration. Furthermore, birds that underwent moult-migration arrived at the breeding sites in the following year on average 10 days later and showed significantly higher activity levels during the pre-breeding period compared to birds without moult-migration. Activity tracking also showed that 67% of all migratory flights were performed during the night, contradicting previous assumptions of starlings being predominantly diurnal migrants. Maximum recorded flight altitudes reached 2500 m.a.s.l. and the longest uninterrupted flight lasted 22.5 hours. Our results highlight energetic trade-offs of moult-migration in starling, but their downstream consequences remain to be tested.</span></p>
Starling
The Krystyna and Włodzimierz Tomek Natural Science Museum in Ciężkowice https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/2251 Inventory number: MP 314 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Plasticity in guarding superb starlings
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Data from: Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
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Data from: Not all who wander are lost: Prospecting and settlement of male floaters in the spotless starling
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Migration strategies, performance and annual activity budget in a short-distance migrant, the common starling Sturnus vulgaris
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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OpenNeuro
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