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206 results for “sub-Antarctic”
FIG. 3 in Populations of a new morphotype of corrugate Lessonia Bory in the Beagle Channel, sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion: a possible case of on-going speciation
FIG. 3. — Internal morphology of the corrugate Lessonia Bory: A, small angular meristodermal cells on the surface of blade; B, transverse section through a sterile portion of the blade; C, detail of meristoderm and cortex showing cells with full (right arrow) and reduced (left arrow) protoplast and golden bodies in outer cortex and mid cortex; and rounded light refracting bodies (arrowheads); D, detail of medulla showing cylindrical cells (arrow) and some elongated filaments (arrowhead) immersed in a dense intercellular matrix; E, surface view of a sorus; F, transverse section through a sorus; G, detail of sorus. Abbreviations: mer, meristoderm; oc, outer cortex; mc, mid cortex; ic, inner cortex; m, medulla; p, paraphyses; l, part of the lacuna; s, sporangia. Scale bars: A, 15 µm; B, 50 µm; C, G, 20 µm; D, E, 40 µm; F, 30 µm.
FIG. 1 in Populations of a new morphotype of corrugate Lessonia Bory in the Beagle Channel, sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion: a possible case of on-going speciation
FIG. 1. — Map of the sub-Antarctic ecoregion of Magellan showing the collection sites of the corrugate morphotype of Lessonia Bory, Lessonia flavicans Bory, and Lessonia searlesiana Asensi & Reviers. Strait of Magellan-Cockburn channel: a, Fuerte Bulnes; b, Carlos III Island. Beagle channel-Orange Bay: c, London Island; d, Puerto Aguirre; e, London Island; f, Cormoran Bay; g, Paula Cove; h, Puerto Toro; i, Tekenika Bay; j, Orange Bay. Cape Horn-Diego Ramirez Island: k, Diego Ramirez Island.
FIG. 2. — A in Populations of a new morphotype of corrugate Lessonia Bory in the Beagle Channel, sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion: a possible case of on-going speciation
FIG. 2. — A, External morphology of the corrugate Lessonia Bory showing the brownish terete stipe; B, corrugated blades; C, that arise from the base of the blade and from dichotomously divided branches; D, the holdfast is rhizoidal in shape and composed mainly of fused haptera. Scale bars: holotype, 30 cm; A, C, 2 cm; B, 5 cm; D, 8 cm.
Infrequent oceanic long-range dispersal and evolution of a top terrestrial arthropod predator in the sub-Antarctic
<p>The UNESCO world heritage sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are unique. They have been isolated for over 30 million years by constant circum-polar currents and winds, and shaped by climatic cycles that surpass the tolerance limits of many species. Despite this recognition, surprisingly little is known about how these ecosystems acquired their native terrestrial fauna and how it changed over deep time scales. Here the patterns and timing of colonization and speciation in the largest and dominant arthropod predators in the Eastern sub-Antarctic – spiders of the genus Myro – are demonstrated for the first time. Our results indicate that this lineage originated from Australia before the Plio-Pleistocenic glacial cycles and underwent an adaptive radiation on the Crozet archipelago. We discuss the gain and loss of pre-adaptations acting as filter that enabled only one of four Myro species native to the Crozet islands to repeatedly disperse via the Antarctic circum-polar current, resulting in an outstanding distribution range over 9000 kilometres. The results highlight the outstanding role of the volcanic Crozet archipelago for the evolution of arthropod life in the sub-Antarctic, and the potential of terrestrial macro-invertebrates to achieve rare but ecologically influential trans-oceanic dispersal events over thousands of kilometres under hostile conditions.</p>
Regeneration data of bryophyte fragments extracted from feces of Chloephaga picta and Attagis malouinus in Navarino Island, sub-Antarctic Chile
<p class="Normal1"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Birds are known to act as potential vectors for the exogenous dispersal of bryophyte diaspores. Given the totipotency of vegetative tissue of many bryophytes, birds could also contribute to endozoochorous bryophyte dispersal. Research has shown that fecal samples of the upland goose (<i>Chloephaga picta</i>) and white-bellied seedsnipe (<i>Attagis malouinus</i>) contain bryophyte fragments. Although few fragments from bird feces have been known to regenerate, the evidence for the viability of diaspores following passage through the bird intestinal tract remains ambiguous. We evaluated the role of endozoochory in these same herbivorous and sympatric bird species in sub-Antarctic Chile. We hypothesized that fragments of bryophyte gametophytes retrieved from their feces are viable and capable of regenerating new plant tissue. Eleven feces samples containing undetermined moss fragments from <i>C. picta</i> and <i>A. malouinus</i>, six moss fragment samples from wild collected mosses (<i>Conostomum </i><i>tetragonum</i>,<i> Syntrichia </i><i>robusta</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Polytrichum </i><i>strictum</i>), and one spore sample from <i>C. tetragonum </i>were grown ex situ in peat soil and in vitro<i> </i>using a Gamborg (agar) medium. After 91 days, 20% of fragments from <i>A. malouinus </i>feces, 50% of fragments from <i>C. picta </i>feces, and 57% of propagules from wild mosses produced new growth. The fact that moss diaspores remained viable and can regenerate under experimental conditions following the passage through the intestinal tracts of these robust fliers and altitudinal and latitudinal migrants, suggests that sub-Antarctic birds may play a </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>critical, role in bryophyte dispersal. This relationship may have important implications in the way bryophytes disperse and colonize facing climate change.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIG. 6 in Populations of a new morphotype of corrugate Lessonia Bory in the Beagle Channel, sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion: a possible case of on-going speciation
FIG. 6. — MJ network of ITS1 haplotypes of Magellanic Lessonia Bory, spp. individuals.
First record of the introduced ladybird beetle, Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus (1758), on South Georgia (sub-Antarctic)
<p>Biological invasions represent a growing threat to islands and their biodiversity across the world. The isolated sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia in the South Atlantic Ocean is a highly protected area that relies on effective biosecurity including prevention, surveillance and eradication to limit the risk of biological invasions. Based on an opportunistic field discovery, we provide the first report of an introduced ladybird beetle on South Georgia. All specimens discovered belong to the Eurasian species <em>Coccinella undecimpunctata</em> Linnaeus (1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Tens of individuals of both sexes were discovered at a single location, indicating that the species may already be established on South Georgia. Transport connectivity with this site suggests that the species most likely arrived recently from the Falkland Islands as a stowaway on a ship. We discuss the implications of our discovery for the continued development of South Atlantic biosecurity.</p>
First record of the introduced ladybird beetle, Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus (1758), on South Georgia (sub-Antarctic)
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Infrequent oceanic long-range dispersal and evolution of a top terrestrial arthropod predator in the sub-Antarctic
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Data from: Dispersal in the sub-Antarctic: king penguins show remarkably little population genetic differentiation across their range
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Underwater soundscape indicates low anthropogenic influence around two sub-Antarctic islands
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Regeneration data of bryophyte fragments extracted from feces of Chloephaga picta and Attagis malouinus in Navarino Island, sub-Antarctic Chile
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Bridging the Scotia Arc: Climate-driven shifts in connectivity of the freshwater crustacean <em>Branchinecta gaini</em> in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic ecosystems
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FIGURE 7 in Species of Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected by US Antarctic and sub-Antarctic expeditions
FIGURE 7. Nematocysts: A, Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877); B, Acryptolaria flabellum (Allman, 1888); C, Acryptolaria frigida Peña Cantero, 2014; D, Acryptolaria longitheca (Allman, 1877); E, Acryptolaria operculata Stepanjants, 1979; F, Acryptolaria sp. (A from 715/885; B from 5/221; C from 2/2; D from 27/1974; E from 22/1595; F from 715/885). Scale bar: 10 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Species of Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected by US Antarctic and sub-Antarctic expeditions
FIGURE 5. Hydrothecae: A, Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877); B, Acryptolaria corniformis Naumov & Stepanjants, 1962; C, Acryptolaria crassicaulis (Allman, 1888); D, Acryptolaria flabellum (Allman, 1888); E, Acryptolaria frigida Peña Cantero, 2014; F, Acryptolaria longitheca (Allman, 1877); G, Acryptolaria minuta Watson, 2003; H, Acryptolaria sp. (A from 715/885; B from 27/1951; C from 2/11; D from 22/1520; E from 2/2; F from 27/1974; G from 27/1852; H from 6/339). Scale bar: 200 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Species of Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected by US Antarctic and sub-Antarctic expeditions
FIGURE 4. Hydrothecae: A, Acryptolaria corniformis Naumov & Stepanjants, 1962; B–C Acryptolaria longitheca (Allman, 1877). (A from 27/1951; B–C from 27/1974). Scale bar: 250 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Species of Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected by US Antarctic and sub-Antarctic expeditions
FIGURE 6. Hydrothecae showing operculum (arrow): A, Acryptolaria frigida Peña Cantero, 2014; B, Acryptolaria operculata Stepanjants, 1979; C, Acryptolaria sp. (A from 2/2; B from 6/339; C from 22/1595). Scale bar: 200 µm.
Data from: Multidimensional stable isotope analysis illuminates resource partitioning in a sub-Antarctic island bird community
1. A central theme in community ecology is understanding how similar species co-exist and how their interactions may evolve in the context of climate change. Most studies of resource partitioning among central place foragers, particularly birds, focus on the offspring-rearing period, when they are accessible, but breeding success may be determined earlier and little is known about how such species partition resources at the onset of breeding. 2. We used a non-invasive approach to evaluate resource partitioning in co-existing females at a sub-Antarctic island during their pre-laying periods. 3. Three hypotheses were tested using carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios measured in shells and membranes of hatched eggs as ecological tracers: 1) resource partitioning by geographic location and trophic level will exist among the 12 bird species and will be enhanced within taxonomic groups; 2) given the absence of strong oxygen gradients in the Southern Ocean we will not detect spatial structuring based on oxygen isotopes, but differences will exist between resident and oceanic species as the former may use meteoric water; 3) capital and income breeder strategies can be differentiated using stable isotopes of egg remains. 4. Two and three dimensional isotopic data showed resource partitioning among species. As predicted, segregation was evident within the four main taxonomic groups: penguins, albatrosses, burrowing petrels and giant petrels. Unexpectedly, oxygen isotopes revealed widespread use of meteoric water among a suite of sub-Antarctic birds. Stable isotopes allowed us to identify females of most species as income breeders at the onset of breeding, with the exception of the two crested penguin females exhibiting a mix of income and capital resources use. 5. Multidimensional isotopic analyses revealed that resource partitioning exists at multiple stages of the annual cycle in ways likely to be important under global change, exhibiting wide potential for ecosystem analysis.
Once upon a time in the far south: Influence of local drivers and functional traits on plant invasion in the harsh sub-Antarctic islands
<p>Data and R code to replicate the analyses presented in the manuscript "Once upon a time in the far south: Influence of local drivers and functional traits on plant invasion in the harsh sub-Antarctic islands".</p>
Data from: Combining correlative and mechanistic niche models with human activity data to elucidate the invasive potential of a sub-Antarctic insect
<p>Aim</p> <p>Correlative Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are subject to substantial spatio-temporal limitations when historical occurrence records of data-poor species provide incomplete and outdated information for niche modelling. Complementary mechanistic modelling techniques can, therefore, offer a valuable contribution to underpin more physiologically-informed predictions of biological invasions, the risk of which is often exacerbated by climate change. In this study we integrate physiological and human pressure data to address the uncertainties and limitations of correlative SDMs and to better understand, predict, and manage biological invasions.</p> <p>Location</p> <p>Western archipelagos of the Southern Ocean and martime Antarctica</p> <p>Taxon</p> <p>Eretmoptera murphyi (Chironomidae), invertebrates.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mahalanobis Distances were used for correlative SDM construction for a species with few records. A mechanistic SDM was built around different fitness components (larval survival and life stage progression) as a function of temperature. SDM predictions were combined with human activity levels in Antarctica to generate a site vulnerability index to the colonization of E. murphyi. Future scenarios of ecophysiological suitability were built around the warming trends in the region.<br> Results Both SDMs converge to predict high environmental suitability in the species' native and introduced ranges. However, the mechanistic model indicates a slightly larger invasive potential based on larval performance at different temperatures. Human activity levels across the Antarctic Peninsula play a key role in discerning site vulnerabilities. Niche suitability in Antarctica grows considerably under long-term climate scenarios, leading to a substantially higher invasive threat to the Antarctic ecosystems. In turn changing conditions result on growing physiological mismatches with the environment in the native range on South Georgia.</p> <p>Main conclusions</p> <p>Long-term studies of invasion potential under climate benefit from integrating correlative predictions with physiological experiments, as the invasion potential varies depending on the area and the timescale examined. This study also highlights a conservation paradox whereby the accidental introduction of an insect represents a threat to the Antarctic ecoystems that contrasts with its endangered status at the native range.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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