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opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 7 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa

FIGURE 7. Typical habitat of Cinnyris whytei skye as seen on the western edge of Kisinga-Rugaro Forest in the Udzungwa Highlands. Photo by Michael Køre Poulsen.

opennotspecifiedJul 2019View details →

FIGURE 1 in Neoaulonastus sidorchukae, a new species of quill mites (Acariformes Syringophilidae) associated with the purple-rumped sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica (Linnaeus) (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from Sri Lanka

FIGURE 1. Neoaulonastus sidorchukae sp. nov. Female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, peritremes; D, fan-like seta p'III. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C, D = 20 μm.

Figure 4 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 4. Comparison of mean ± standard error (SE) of various aspects of sternotribic and nototribic foraging efficiency for different foraging behaviours. (a) Number of open flowers per visited inflorescence. (b) Number of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. (c) The proportion of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. None of the comparisons were significantly different (P <0.05).

Figure 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 3. Mean proportion ± 95% confidence interval (CI) of direction of flower probing based on (a) Cinnyris chalybeus sex and (b) foraging behaviour. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05). Hovering behaviour was not included in the statistical analysis as it always resulted in sternotrobic foraging.

Figure 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 1. Pelargonium fulgidum plants and Cinnyris chalybeus sunbird pollinators. (a) Plants of P. fulgidum flower in dense coastal scrub on sand dunes along the west coast of South Africa. (b) Top view of the fan-shaped P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the number of open flowers and the angles among open flowers and peduncle. (c) Side view of P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the angles of peduncle and pedicels. (d) Male C. chalybeus with its slightly decurved bill. (e) Pelargonium fulgidum flower in longitudinal cross section, showing the slightly upcurved nectar tube and the reproductive parts partly blocking the flower entrance. Scale bars: b, d = 10 mm; e = 5 mm.

Figure 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 2. All different foraging positions and perch uses observed in this study. (a) Nototribic foraging by a Cinnyris chalybeus male using an alternative perch. (b) Nototrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus male using the inflorescence as perch. (c) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using the inflorescence as perch. (d) Sternotrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using an alternative perch. (e) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female while hovering. The association between bird sex and flower probing direction is not representative.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Breeding biology of a high altitudinal Aethopyga sunbird in southwestern China

Figure 2. The sexual differences of parents on feeding frequencies in three nests of the Fire-tailed Sunbird. Feeding frequency was calculated as the number of feeding bouts per hour made by males and females during each successive observation in each nest. The error bars represent the confidence intervals of feeding frequencies of males and females within each nest.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Breeding biology of a high altitudinal Aethopyga sunbird in southwestern China

Figure 3. The morphological developments of the nestlings of the Fire-tailed Sunbird. Six morphological traits were included. Body mass was measured in g, and other measurements (lengths of body, bill, tail, tarsus, and wing) were measured in cm. Note that the sample sizes of nestlings measured are not the same in different periods, as some nestlings were depredated or found after being hatched.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Breeding biology of a high altitudinal Aethopyga sunbird in southwestern China

Figure 1. The nest with two nestlings (a), eggs (b), and predator (the Spotted Nutcracker) (c) of the Fire-tailed Sunbird in southwestern China.

Figure 4. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 4. A, geographic distribution of Leptocoma aspasia haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Leptocoma haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Leptocoma haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.

Figure 1. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 1. A, map of the Indo-Pacific region with study regions marked inside boxes. The range of the olive-backed sunbird is shaded horizontally in yellow, the range of the black sunbird vertically in purple, both according to BirdLife International. Seas deeper than 200 m are represented by a darker blue. Biogeographic barriers (Wallace, 1863; Lydekker, 1896) are represented with red lines. B, map of south-east Sulawesi and the Wakatobi Islands in Wallacea, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. C, map of Australia and New Guinea on the Sahul Shelf, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. D, map of the Bismarck Archipelago with the sampling site of the B10K black sunbird marked with a purple triangle.

Figure 2 in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 2. Simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Cinnyris and Leptocoma species sampled in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. In this figure, the outgroup is omitted and each major clade in the data is collapsed into a single branch. Tips representing focal populations are marked with coloured circles. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps. Full versions of the ML and Bayesian trees, including all outgroup taxa, are provided in the Supporting Information (Figs S7, S8).

Figure 3. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 3. A, geographic distribution of Cinnyris jugularis (sensu Gill et al., 2022) haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Cinnyris haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Cinnyris haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.

Figure 5. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)

Figure 5. A, map of the Indo-Pacific with the range of the olive-backed sunbird shaded, as currently recognized by BirdLife International. Sampling sites of the birds included in our 697 bp partial ND2 analysis are marked with different triangles, according to the species they were assigned to by ABGD. Currently recognized subspecies are labelled (Gill et al., 2022). B, mean genetic distance (uncorrected p-distance) between each of the species recognized by ABGD, based on a 697 bp partial ND2 alignment. C, simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 697 bp of olive-backed sunbird ND2. In this figure the outgroup is omitted and each of the ABGD species is collapsed into a single branch. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps.