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46 results for “sunbirds”
FIGURE 7 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 7. Typical habitat of Cinnyris whytei skye as seen on the western edge of Kisinga-Rugaro Forest in the Udzungwa Highlands. Photo by Michael Køre Poulsen.
FIGURE 4 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 4. Depiction of male Cinnyris whytei whytei on the left, and male and female of the new taxon on the right. Males of the new taxon have longer tarsi than male whytei, a broader blue pectoral band, and narrow blue feather-tips produce a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band. The underparts of males of the new taxon appear more uniform dark greyish, with less buffish tinge on the belly than in whytei. The feather tips of the belly, vent and under wing-coverts are washed pale yellow in adult females of the new taxon, and overall the females are less olivaceous-tinged than those of whytei. Painting by J. Fjeldså.
dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz var. dasyrhachis, with a male long-billed green sunbird (Nectarinia notata Müller,1776) visiting the fragrant yellow flowers (Rogers in Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz: a new record of a Southeast Asian species of Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) naturalized in northwestern Madagascar
dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz var. dasyrhachis, with a male long-billed green sunbird (Nectarinia notata Müller,1776) visiting the fragrant yellow flowers (Rogers
Sunbird Performance Data for Fastsum OpenQCD 1.0
<p>Strong and weak scaling run data for Fastsum OpenQCD 1.0 on the <a href="http://portal.supercomputing.wales/index.php/about-sunbird">Sunbird cluster</a> using both the AVX-512 extension and the original AVX2 version. Performance tests of the Dirac operator using the time1 and time2 utilities provided with the code.</p> <p>Contains the compilation and run parameters, run output and programs used to gather and plot the data.</p>
Figure 2 in Breeding behaviour of Purple Sunbird, Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790) in semiurban area of Punjab
Figure 2. Egg laying and hatching in purple sunbird. a. A Clutch in Nest, b. Egg Size & Shape, c. Female PSB Incubating the Eggs, d. Hatching of Chick-1 (Day-1), e. Hatching of Chick-2 (Day-1), f. Hatching of Chick-3 (Day-3).
Figure 3 in Breeding behaviour of Purple Sunbird, Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790) in semiurban area of Punjab
Figure 3. Growth and fledging of chicks in purple sunbird. a. Chick-1 (Day-4), b. Chick-1 (Day-8), c. Chick-1 (Day-10), d. Chick-1 (Day-15), e. Use of Repaired Nest, f. Removal of Unhatched Egg by Female PSB.
African sunbirds predominantly pollinate plants useful to humans
<p>Birds provide multiple ecological services that benefit humans including pollination. In Africa, sunbirds are the <span>domi- </span>nant vertebrate pollinator. Here we present a species-level assessment for African sunbirds of the number and relative frequency of their food plants that have useful properties to humans. <span>We </span>conducted this analysis by compiling and integrating known sunbird food plants with useful tropical plant and tropical cultivated plant databases. Across Africa, 68% of the 329 genera and 44% of the 468 species of sunbirds' known food plants are used by humans for medicine, food, building materials, or other uses. <span>Yet </span>most genera and species of useful plants are visited by a small number of sunbird species. The median number of sunbird species that visit a useful genus and species of plant is two and one, re- spectively. Of the 409 genera and 308 species of useful plants that are sunbird pollinated across one or more of the <span>six </span>predominant habitats for sunbirds, 67% of genera and 71% of species are pollinated by sunbird species that are forest or woodland dependent. Additionally, 58% of all genera and 83% of all species of useful plants pollinated by sunbirds are non-cultivated. In Africa, non-cultivated sunbird-pollinated useful plants are almost entirely collected, used, and traded locally rather than regionally or internationally. Our results indicate that African sunbirds provide important ecological services as pollinators that benefit humans, and these services are provided largely at a local scale. Given the decline of invertebrate and vertebrate pollinators both globally and in Africa, sunbirds are important to the long-term conservation of many useful plants in Africa and hence human well-being.</p>
Data from: Multiple lines of evidence indicate ongoing allopatric and parapatric diversification in an Afromontane sunbird (Cinnyris reichenowi)
<p>Africa's montane ecosystems are noteworthy not only for their isolation, but for their morphologically similar bird populations that inhabit geographically disparate localities. Many species possess range disjunctions in excess of 2,000 km and appear to represent populations that have been isolated since at least the last Ice Age, including the Northern Double-collared Sunbird (<em>Cinnyris reichenowi</em>). Recent work on other Afromontane birds has demonstrated substantial phylogeographic structure can exist in phenotypically similar populations, with cryptic species occurring parapatrically within the same mountain range. We explored genetic, morphological, and ecological diversity within <em>C. reichenowi</em> to assess whether cryptic regional diversification occurs across the disjunct portions of this species' range. Within <em>C. reichenowi</em>, we find consistent patterns of morphological disparity that coincide with genetic diversification between xeric and wet montane populations within the Cameroon Line in the Western population, and clear genetic differentiation between Western and Eastern populations. Our research demonstrates that the geographically isolated populations of <em>Cinnyris reichenowi</em> represent different species, and that ecological diversification is shaping populations within Central Africa. We show here that two named populations should be recognized as members of a western species in the Northern Double-collared Sunbird complex: nominate <em>Cinnyris preussi preussi</em> in the Cameroon Line montane forests, and <em>C. p. genderuensis</em> in the more xeric hinterland of Cameroon and the Central African Republic, likely occurring in adjacent Nigeria as well.</p>
Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
<p>Bird plumages are among the most elaborate ornaments, displaying almost all colours of the rainbow. Why and how birds are so colourful remains an open question with multiple and sometimes competing hypotheses. Different colours in different patches might have different functions and thus result from different forms of selection (e.g., natural vs. sexual selection). Here we test three hypotheses that might explain colour differences: (1) species isolation, (2) light environment, and (3) Brownian motion. We show that both natural and sexual selection affect the evolution of sunbird colouration, but that their extent and direction differs between sexes, by species interactions, and for different patches across the body. Even though overlap in the light environment explains part of colour differences in species, no colour metric (brightness and chroma) correlates to the light environment. It is likely that these results, where multiple forms of selection influence colouration in different ways, are more general across birds, highlighting the need to investigate bird colouration as a network of individual but inter-connected colour patches.</p>
Data from: Multiple lines of evidence indicate ongoing allopatric and parapatric diversification in an Afromontane sunbird (Cinnyris reichenowi)
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Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
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African sunbirds predominantly pollinate plants useful to humans
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Ecological fitting is a sufficient driver of tight interactions between sunbirds and ornithophilous plants
<p>1. Plant-bird pollination interactions evolved independently on different continents. Specific adaptations can lead to their restriction when potential partners from distant evolutionary trajectories come into contact. Alternatively, these interactions can be enabled by convergent evolution and subsequent ecological fitting.<br> 2. We studied the interactions between New World plants from the genus Heliconia, Asian plants of genus Etlingera and African sunbirds on a local farm in Cameroon. Heliconia evolved together with hummingbirds and Etlingera spp. with spiderhunters - an oriental subgroup of the sunbird family. <br> 3. Sunbirds fed on all studied plants and individual plant species were visited by a different sunbird spectrum. We experimentally documented a higher number of germinated pollen grains in sunbird visited flowers of Etlingera spp. For Heliconia spp. this experiment was not successful and pollen tubes were rarely observed, even in hand pollinated flowers, where enough pollen was deposited. The analyses of contacts with plant reproductive organs nevertheless confirmed that sunbirds are good pollen vectors for both Heliconia and Etlingera species.<br> 4. Our study demonstrated a high ecological fit between actors of distinct evolutionary history and the general validity of bird-pollination syndrome. We moreover show that trait matching and niche differentiation are important ecological processes also in semi-artificial plant-pollinator systems.</p>
Data from: Promiscuious pollinators - evidence from an Afromontane sunbird-plant pollen transport network
Sunbirds play a major role in the pollination of Old World nectiverous plants. However, with the exception of the Cape Floristic Region there is a major knowledge gap around African nectivore interaction networks- a stark contrast from the abundance of neotropical hummingbird-plant networks. Here we describe a sunbird pollen transfer network (PTN) which we use in conjunction with a sunbird- flower visitation network (FVN) to explore levels of sunbird specialization within an Afromontane forest habitat. Both networks were generalised compared with similar sized hummingbird networks, reflecting the wide range of flower types visited, the generalist diet and bill characteistics of sunbirds. Three sunbird species from the genus Cinnyris accounted for 85% of flower visits and 77% of all pollen transported. Of the 17 plant species across both networks, 15 are predominantly pollinated by insects while Anthonotha noldeae (Fabaceae- Caesalpinoidie) and Globimetula braunii (Loranthaceae) depend on sunbirds for seed set. Sunbird species average bill lengths varied between 14.5 mm (the variable sunbird) to 23.6 mm (the green headed sunbird) but while more pollen was carried on longer bills we found no evidence for a relationship between bill length and type of flower visited. Both networks were nested. Some specialization was observed in both networks although this does not appear to be driven much by sunbird –flower trait matching. Overall, our results suggest that in contrast to nectivores elsewhere, factors such as phenology and/or environment, rather than morphology may play important roles in limiting potential sunbird-flower interactions and need further investigation.
Data from: Sunbird hovering behavior is determined by both the forager and resource plant
The long-standing paradigm that pollination systems adapted to hovering birds evolved only in the New World was recently challenged by the discovery of hovering pollination by Old World specialized passerine pollinators. This raises the possibility that hovering pollination may evolve more easily than previously believed, given sufficient selective pressure on plant traits, on nectarivory, or both. We observed foraging behavior by the sunbird Cyanomitra oritis at flowers of the native Old World plant Impatiens sakeriana. We measured the length of pedicels and peduncles (PedPed length), which can make the flowers difficult to reach while the bird perches on the stem, and determined if it influenced sunbird hovering or perching at a flower. Detailed analyses of video recordings showed that sunbirds only hovered at flowers with a long PedPed, whereas they employed both foraging modes when an adequate perch was available. A hovering sunbird could deplete nectar in a shorter time than a perching one. The frequency of visits was not greater at flowers with longer PedPed or with more open I. sakeriana flowers in the vicinity. Our study provides evidence that sunbird behavior does not follow simple energetic models, and that some sunbird pollination systems in the Old World resemble highly specialized hummingbird systems in the New World much more than expected, especially the overall adaptation of the system to bird hovering.
FIGURE 2 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) topology of relationships among members of the African assemblage of doublecollared sunbirds: ML bootstrap support values are above nodes, and parsimony support values are below nodes.
FIGURE 6. STRUCTURE Plots for K in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 6. STRUCTURE Plots for K = 2, light grey—whytei, dark grey—the new taxon: top, analysis of nine microsatellite loci; bottom, analysis of seven microsatellite loci.
FIGURE 1 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania.
FIGURE 3 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 3. Drawing of the exact scaling pattern on the breast of three male specimens of the new taxon. The violet-blue colouration is indicated in black, and the scarlet portion of the central breast-band is stippled. Drawing by J. Fjeldså.
FIGURE 4 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 4. Depiction of male Cinnyris whytei whytei on the left, and male and female of the new taxon on the right. Males of the new taxon have longer tarsi than male whytei, a broader blue pectoral band, and narrow blue feather-tips produce a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band. The underparts of males of the new taxon appear more uniform dark greyish, with less buffish tinge on the belly than in whytei. The feather tips of the belly, vent and under wing-coverts are washed pale yellow in adult females of the new taxon, and overall the females are less olivaceous-tinged than those of whytei. Painting by J. Fjeldså.
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