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115 results for “sympatry”
Figure 2 in Odorants Differentiate Australian Rattus with Increased Complexity in Sympatry
Figure 2. STRUCTURE plot of allozyme variation among four subspecies of Australian Rattus. Each of the 166 samples analysed in this study (13 Rfa, 67 Rfc, 65 Rlc, 21 Rll) is represented by a vertical bar shaded based on the likelihood of assignment to one of four populations. Individual samples are not distinguishable where they share a high likelihood of assignment to the same population (e.g., all Rfa samples). Plot demonstrates lack of gene flow between species in sympatry (Rfc and Rlc) with no mixed likelihood between species. Limited gene flow (or shared polymorphism) among subspecies, Rlc and Rll, are evident in bars with mixed shading.
The evolution of local co-occurrence in birds in relation to latitude, degree of sympatry, and range symmetry
<p>This study analyzes a large sample of occurrence records (7,834,063 checklists from the eBird project) of 887 passerine bird species distributed globally. Under the assumption that speciation and trait divergence rates are faster in temperate areas and that trait divergence does promote local secondary contact of newly evolved species, the expectaction is that local co-occurrence increases with latitude.Syntopy increased from the Southern to Northern Hemisphere and was positively related to sympatry and range symmetry.</p> <p> </p>
Climate change is predicted to reduce sympatry among North American wood-warblers
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Predator-based selection and the impact of edge sympatry on components of coral snake mimicry
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Local adaptation from afar: migratory bird populations diverge in the initiation of reproductive timing while wintering in sympatry
<p><span>The initiation of reproduction in many seasonally breeding animals is controlled by photoperiod and tends to be clinal: populations at higher latitudes breed later than those at lower latitudes, often reflecting a higher photoperiodic threshold. Migratory animals presumably time reproduction to match conditions at their breeding grounds at least in part by cues perceived</span> on their wintering grounds<span>. </span>We asked how closely related dark-eyed junco (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>) populations that overwinter in sympatry but breed in allopatry respond to their shared winter environment by comparing early spring indices of readiness to migrate and breed (baseline and elevated testosterone). We measured stable hydrogen isotopes from feathers grown the preceding year and claws grown during winter to estimate breeding and wintering latitudes, respectively. We predicted that if reproductive initiation is adapted to the emergence of resources at their respective breeding destinations, then birds migrating to higher latitudes (slate-colored junco; <i>J. h. hyemalis</i>) should delay breeding as compared to those migrating to lower latitudes (pink-sided junco; <i>J. h. mearnsi</i>) despite a common overwinter environment. We found higher testosterone in pink-sided juncos consistent with earlier reproductive initiation, suggesting local adaptation in reproductive phenology achieved through differential responses to predictive environmental cues.</p>
Pythons in the Eocene of Europe reveal a much older divergence of the group in sympatry with boas
<p class="BodyA">Extant large constrictors, pythons and boas, have a wholly allopatric distribution that has been interpreted largely in terms of vicariance in Gondwana. Here we describe a stem pythonid based on complete skeletons from the early-middle Eocene of Messel, Germany. The new species is close in age to the divergence of Pythonidae from North American <i>Loxocemus </i>and corroborates a Laurasian origin and dispersal of pythons. Remarkably, it existed in sympatry with the stem boid <i>Eoconstrictor</i>. These occurrences demonstrate that neither dispersal limitation nor strong competitive interactions were decisive in structuring biogeographic patterns early in the history of large, hyper-macrostomatan constrictors and exemplify the synergy between phylogenomic and paleontological approaches in reconstructing past distributions.</p>
Reinforcement in the banded darter Etheostoma zonale: the effect of sex and sympatry on preferences
<p class="BodyA">Reinforcement occurs when selection against hybrid offspring strengthens behavioral isolation between parental species and may be an important factor in speciation. Theoretical models and experimental evidence indicate that both female and male preferences can be strengthened upon secondary contact via reinforcement. However, the question remains whether this process is more likely to affect the preferences of one sex or the other. Males of polygynous species are often predicted to exhibit weaker preferences than females, potentially limiting the ability for reinforcement to shape male preferences. Yet, in darters (Percidae: <i>Etheostoma</i>), male preference for conspecific mates appears to arise before female preferences during the early stages of allopatric speciation, and research suggests that male, but not female, preferences become reinforced upon secondary contact. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether the geographically widespread darter species <i>Etheostoma zonale </i>exhibits a signature of reinforcement,<i> </i>by comparing the strength of preference for conspecific mates between populations that are sympatric and allopatric with respect to a close congener, <i>E. barrenense</i>. We examined the strength of preference for conspecifics for males and females separately to determine if the preferences of one or both sexes have been strengthened by reinforcement. Our results show that both sexes of <i>E. zonale </i>from sympatric populations exhibit stronger conspecific preferences than <i>E. zonale </i>from allopatric populations, but that female preferences appear to be more strongly reinforced than male preferences. Results therefore suggest that reinforcement of female preferences may promote behavioral isolation upon secondary contact, even in a genus that is characterized by pervasive male mate choice.</p>
Data from: Poison frog color morphs express assortative mate preferences in allopatry but not sympatry
The concurrent divergence of mating traits and preferences is necessary for the evolution of reproductive isolation via sexual selection, and such coevolution has been demonstrated in diverse lineages. However, the extent to which assortative mate preferences are sufficient to drive reproductive isolation in nature is less clear. Natural contact zones between lineages divergent in traits and preferences provide exceptional opportunities for testing the predicted evolutionary consequences of such divergence. The strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) displays extreme color polymorphism in and around the young Bocas del Toro archipelago. In a transition zone between red and blue allopatric lineages, we asked whether female preferences diverged along with coloration, and whether any divergent preferences persist in a zone of sympatry. When choosing among red, blue and phenotypically intermediate males, females from monomorphic red and monomorphic blue populations both expressed assortative preferences. However, red, blue, and intermediate females from the contact zone all preferred red males, suggesting that divergent preferences may be insufficient to effect behavioral isolation. Our results highlight the complexity of behavioral isolation, and the need for studies that can reveal the circumstances under which divergent preferences do and do not contribute to speciation.
Data from: Introgression between divergent corn borer species in a region of sympatry: implications on the evolution and adaptation of pest arthropods
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and European corn borer, O. nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), cause damage to cultivated maize in spatially distinct geographies, and have evolved divergent hydrocarbons as the basis of sexual communication. The Yili area of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China represents the only known region where O. furnacalis has invaded a native O. nubilalis range, and these two corn borer species have made secondary contact. Genetic differentiation was estimated between Ostrinia larvae collected from maize plants at 11 locations in Xinjiang Province, and genotyped using high throughput SNP and microsatellite markers. Maternal lineages were assessed by direct sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II haplotypes, and a high degree of genotypic diversity was demonstrated between lineages based on SNP genotypes. Furthermore, historical introgression was predicted among SNP genotypes only at sympatric locations in the Yili area, whereas in Xinjiang populations wherein only O. furnacalis haplotypes were detected no analogous introgressed genotypes were predicted. Our detection of putative hybrids and historical evidence of introgression defines Yili area as a hybrid zone between the species in normal ecological interactions, and furthermore might indicate that adaptive traits could spread even between seemingly divergent species through horizontal transmission. Results of this study indicate there may be a continuum in the degree of reproductive isolation between Ostrinia species, and that the elegance of distinct and complete speciation based on modifications to the pheromone communication might need to be reconsidered.
Data from: Sympatry and interference of divergent Microbotryum pathogen species.
The impact of infectious diseases in natural ecosystems is strongly influenced by the degree of pathogen specialization and by the local assemblies of potential host species. This study investigated anther-smut disease, caused by fungi in the genus Microbotryum, among natural populations of plants in the Caryophyllaceae. A broad geographic survey focused on sites of the disease on multiple host species in sympatry. Analysis of molecular identities for the pathogens revealed that sympatric disease was most often due to co-occurrence of distinct, host-specific anther-smut fungi, rather than localized cross-species disease transmission. Flowers from sympatric populations showed that the Microbotryum spores were frequently moved between host species. Experimental inoculations to simulate cross-species exposure to the pathogens in these plant communities showed that the anther-smut pathogen was less able to cause disease on its regular host when following exposure of the plants to incompatible pathogens from another host species. These results indicate that multi-host / multi-pathogen communities are common in this system and they involve a previously hidden mechanism of interference between Microbotryum fungi, which likely affects both pathogen and host distributions.
An experimental test of the evolutionary consequences of sympatry in Drosophila subquinaria
<p>Prezygotic isolation is often stronger between sympatric as opposed to allopatric taxa, but the underlying cause can be difficult to infer from comparative studies alone. Experimental evolution, where evolutionary responses to treatments manipulating the presence/absence of heterospecific individuals are tracked, can provide a powerful complementary approach. We used experimental evolution to investigate a naturally occurring pattern of reproductive character displacement in the mushroom-feeding fly, <em>Drosophila subquinaria</em>. In nature, female <em>D. subquinaria</em> from populations sympatric with the closely related <em>D. recens</em> discriminate more strongly against heterospecific males than do females from allopatric populations. Starting with 16 replicate allopatric populations of <em>D. subquinaria,</em> we manipulated the presence/absence of <em>D. recens</em> during mating (experimental sympatry vs. control) and, when present, we allowed hybrids to live or killed them each generation. Across 12 generations, heterospecific offspring production from no-choice mating trials between <em>D. subquinaria</em> females and <em>D. recens</em> males declined in both experimental sympatry treatments relative to the control, suggesting increased sexual isolation. Male cuticular hydrocarbon profiles also evolved, but only in the hybrids killed treatment. Our results strongly imply that the existing reproductive character displacement in wild <em>D. subquinaria</em> populations was an evolutionary response to selection arising from secondary contact with <em>D. recens.</em></p>
Data from: Sympatry and parapatry among rocky reef cichlids of Lake Victoria explained by female mating preferences
<p><span>Work on the Lake Victoria cichlids <em>Pundamilia nyererei</em> (red dorsum males, deeper water), <em>Pundamilia pundamilia</em> (blue males, shallower water) and related species pairs has provided insights into processes of speciation. Here, we investigate female mating behaviour of five <em>Pundamilia </em>species and four of their F1-hybrids through mate choice trials and paternity testing. We discuss the results in the context of the geography of speciation and coexistence. Complete assortative mating was observed among all sympatric species. Parapatric species with similar depth habitat distributions interbred whereas other parapatric and allopatric species showed complete assortative mating. F1-hybrids mated exclusively with species accepted by females of the parental species. Although consistent with reinforcement in sympatry, a closer look at our results suggests otherwise and it is more likely that pre-existing female preferences influence which taxa can co-exist in sympatry. Regardless of the mechanism, mating preferences may influence species distribution in potentially hybridizing taxa, such as in the adaptive radiations of cichlid fish. We suggest that this at least partly explains why some species fail to establish breeding populations in locations where they are occasionally recorded. Our result support the notion that mating preferences of potentially cross-breeding species ought to be included in coexistence theory.</span></p>
Data from: Extensive sympatry and frequent hybridization of ecologically divergent aquatic plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
<p><span>Hybridization has fascinated biologists in recent centuries for its evolutionary importance, especially in plants. Hybrid zones </span><span>are </span><span>commonly located in regions across environmental gradients due to more opportunities to contact and ecological heterogeneity. For aquatic taxa, intrazonal character makes broad </span><span>overlapping</span><span> regions in intermediate environments between related species. However, we have limited information on the hybridization pattern of aquatic taxa in </span><span>alpines, especially submerged macrophytes</span><span>. In this study, we aimed to test the hypotheses that niche overlap and hybridization might be extensive in related aquatic plants across an altitudinal gradient. We evaluated the niche overlap in three related species pairs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and assessed the spatial pattern of hybrid populations. Obvious niche overlap and common hybridization were revealed in all three pairs of related aquatic plants. The plateau edge and river basins were broad areas for the sympatry of divergent taxa, where a large proportion of hybrid populations occurred. Hybrids are also discretely distributed in diverse habitats on the plateau. Differences in the extent of niche overlap, genetic incompatibility and phylogeographic history might lead to variations in hybridization patterns among the three species pairs. Our results suggested that plateau </span><span>areas are</span><span> a hotspot for ecologically divergent aquatic species to contact and mate and implied that hybridization may be important for the freshwater biodiversity of highlands.</span></p>
Morphological measurements of two host specialists of the dipteran Tephritis conura, both in sympatry and allopatry
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Adaptation to new ecological niches is known to spur population diversification and may lead to speciation if gene flow is ceased. While adaptation to the same ecological niche is expected to be parallel, it is more difficult to predict whether selection against maladaptive hybridization in secondary sympatry results in parallel divergence also in traits that are not directly related to the ecological niches. Such parallelisms in response to selection for reproductive isolation can be identified through estimating parallelism in reproductive character displacement across different zones of secondary contact. Here, we use a host shift in the phytophagous peacock fly Tephritis conura, with both host races represented in two geographically separate areas East and West of the Baltic Sea to investigate convergence in morphological adaptations. We asked i) if there are consistent morphological adaptations to a host plant shift and ii) if the response to secondary sympatry with the alternate host race is parallel across contact zones. We found surprisingly low and variable, albeit significant, divergence between host races. Only one trait, the length of the female ovipositor, which serves an important function in the interaction with the hosts, was consistently different between host races. Instead, co-existence with the other host race significantly affected the degree of morphological divergence, but the divergence was largely driven by different traits in different contact zones. Thus, local stochastic fixation or reinforcement could generate trait divergence, and additional evidence is needed to conclude whether divergence is locally adaptive.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: Shifts to earlier selfing in sympatry may reduce costs of pollinator sharing
Coexisting plant congeners often experience strong competition for resources. Competition for pollinators can result in direct fitness costs via reduced seed set or indirect costs via heterospecific pollen transfer (HPT), causing subsequent gamete loss and unfit hybrid offspring production. Autonomous selfing may alleviate these costs, but to preempt HPT, selfing should occur early, before opportunities for HPT occur (i.e. "preemptive selfing hypothesis"). We evaluated conditions for this hypothesis in Collinsia sister species, C. linearis and C. rattanii. In field studies, we found virtually identical flowering times and pollinator sharing between congeners in sympatric populations. Compared to allopatric populations, sympatric C. linearis populations enjoyed higher pollinator visitation rates, whereas visitation to C. rattanii did not differ in sympatry. Importantly, the risk of HPT to each species in sympatry was strongly asymmetrical; interspecies visits comprised 40% of all flower-to-flower visits involving C. rattanii compared to just 4% involving C. linearis. Additionally, our greenhouse experiment demonstrated a strong cost of hybridization, when C. rattanii was the pollen donor. Together, these results suggest that C. rattanii pays the greatest cost of pollinator sharing. Matching predictions of the preemptive selfing hypothesis, C. rattanii exhibit significantly earlier selfing in sympatric relative to allopatric populations.
Data from: Ecomorphological and phylogenetic controls on sympatry across extant bats
Aim: Macroecological patterns of sympatry can inform our understanding of how ecological and evolutionary processes govern species distributions. Following speciation, both intrinsic and extrinsic factors may determine how readily sympatry occurs. One possibility is that sympatry most readily occurs with ecological divergence, especially if broad-scale co-occurrence is mediated by niche differentiation. Time since divergence may also predict sympatry if hybridization and gene flow lead to the collapse of species boundaries between closely-related taxa. Here, we test for ecological and phylogenetic predictors of sympatry across the global radiation of extant bats. Location: Global Taxon: Bats (Order Chiroptera) Methods: We used a combination of linear mixed modeling, simulations, and maximum-likelihood modeling to test whether phylogenetic and ecomorphological divergence between species predict sympatry. We further assess how these relationships vary based on biogeographic realm. Results: We find that time since divergence does not predict sympatry in any biogeographic realm. Morphological divergence is negatively related to sympatry in the Neotropics, but shows no relationship with sympatry elsewhere. Main conclusions: We find that bats in most biogeographic realms co-occur at broad spatial scales regardless of phylogenetic similarity. Neotropical bats, however, appear to co-occur most readily when morphologically similar. To the extent that pairwise phylogenetic and morphological divergence reflect ecological differentiation, our results suggest that abiotic and environmental factors may be more important than species interactions in determining patterns of sympatry across bats.
Data from: Movement diversity and partial sympatry of coastal and Northeast Arctic cod ecotypes at high latitudes
<p>Movement diversity within species represent an important, but often neglected, component of biodiversity that affects ecological and genetic interactions, as well as the productivity of exploited systems. By combining individual tracking data from acoustic telemetry with novel genetic analyses, we describe the movement diversity of two Atlantic cod <em>Gadus morhua</em> ecotypes in two high-latitude fjord systems: the highly migratory Northeast Arctic cod (NEA cod) that supports the largest cod fishery in the world, and the more sedentary Norwegian coastal cod, which is currently in a depleted state. As predicted, coastal cod displayed a higher level of fjord residency than NEA cod. Of the cod tagged during the spawning season, NEA cod left the fjords permanently to a greater extent and earlier compared to coastal cod, which to a greater extent remained resident and left the fjords temporarily. Despite this overall pattern, horizontal movements atypical for the ecotypes were common with some NEA cod remaining within the fjords year-round and some coastal cod displaying a low fjord fidelity. Fjord residency and exit timing also differed with spawning status and body size, with spawning cod and large individuals tagged during the feeding season more prone to leave the fjords and earlier than non-spawning and smaller individuals. While our results confirm a lower coastal dependency for NEA cod, they highlight a movement diversity within each ecotype and sympatric residency between ecotypes, previously undetected by population-level monitoring. This new knowledge is relevant for the management, which should base their fisheries advice for these interacting ecotypes on their habitat use and seasonal movements.</p>
Widespread sympatry in a species-rich clade of marine fishes (Carangoidei)
<p>A universal paradigm describing patterns of speciation across the tree of life has been debated for decades. In marine organisms, patterns of speciation are largely unknown due to the deficiency of species-level phylogenies and information on species' distributions, as well as conflicting relationships between species' dispersal, range size and co-occurrence. Most research on global patterns of marine fish speciation has focused on coral reef or pelagic species. Carangoidei is an ecologically important clade of marine fishes that utilize both coral reef and pelagic environments. We used sequence capture of 1314 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 154 taxa to generate a phylogeny of Carangoidei and its parent clade, Carangiformes. Age-range correlation analyses of the geographic distributions and divergence times of sister species pairs reveal widespread sympatry, with 73% of sister species pairs exhibiting a sympatric geographic distribution, regardless of node age, and most species pairs co-existing across large portions of their ranges. We also observe greater disparity in body size and water column depth utilization between sympatric than allopatric sister species. These and other ecological or behavioral attributes likely facilitate sympatry among the most closely related carangoids.</p>
Data from: Genomic variation across two barn swallow hybrid zones reveals traits associated with divergence in sympatry and allopatry
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Data from: Sedentary songbirds maintain higher prevalence of haemosporidian parasite infections than migratory conspecifics during seasonal sympatry
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