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35 results for “temperate reefs”
Tropicalization of temperate reef fish communities facilitated by urchin grazing and diversity of thermal affinities
<p><b>Aim: </b>Global declines in structurally complex habitats are reshaping both land and seascapes in directions that affect biological communities' responses to warming. Here, we test whether widespread loss of kelp habitats through sea urchin overgrazing systematically changes sensitivity of fish communities to warming.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Global temperate latitudes</p> <p><b>Time period: </b>Modern</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Fishes</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>Community thermal affinity shifts related to habitat were assessed by simulating and comparing fish communities from 2,271 surveys across 15 ecoregions.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We find that fishes in kelp and urchin barrens differ in realized thermal affinities and range sizes, but only in regions where species pools have high variability in species' thermal affinities. Barrens on warm-temperate reefs host relatively more warm-affinity fish species than neighbouring kelp beds, highlighting acceleration of tropicalization processes facilitated by urchin herbivory. By contrast, proportionally more cool-affinity fishes colonize barrens at high temperate latitudes, contributing to community lags with ocean warming in these regions.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>Our findings implicate urchins as drivers of ecological change, in part by affecting biological resilience to warming.</p>
Supporting data for: Whole genome sequencing reveals fine-scale environment associated divergence near the range limits of a temperate reef fish
<p>Environmental variation is increasingly recognized as an important driver of diversity in marine species despite the lack of physical barriers to dispersal and the presence of pelagic stages in many taxa. A robust understanding of the genomic and ecological processes involved in structuring populations is lacking for most marine species, often hindering management and conservation action. Cunner (<em>Tautogolabrus adspersus</em>), is a temperate reef fish with both pelagic early life history stages and strong site-associated homing as adults; the species is also of interest for use as a cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. We aimed to characterize genomic and geographic differentiation of cunner in the Northwest Atlantic. To achieve this, a chromosome-level genome assembly for cunner was produced and used to characterize spatial population structure throughout Atlantic Canada using whole genome resequencing. The genome assembly spanned 0.72 Gbp and 24 chromosomes; whole genome resequencing of 803 individuals from 20 locations from Newfoundland to New Jersey identified approximately 11 million genetic variants. Principal component analysis revealed four regional Atlantic Canadian groups. Pairwise F<sub>ST</sub> and selection scans revealed signals of differentiation and selection at discrete genomic regions, including adjacent peaks on chromosome 10 across multiple pairwise comparisons (<em>i.e.</em>, F<sub>ST</sub> 0.5–0.75). Redundancy analysis suggested association of environmental variables related to benthic temperature and oxygen range with genomic structure. Results suggest regional scale diversity in this temperate reef fish and can directly inform the collection and translocation of cunner for aquaculture applications and the conservation of wild populations throughout the Northwest Atlantic.</p>
Tropicalization of temperate reef fish communities facilitated by urchin grazing and diversity of thermal affinities
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Data from: Canopy facilitates seaweed recruitment on subtidal temperate reefs
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Data for: Comparative thermal performance among four young-of-the-year temperate reef fish species
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Supporting data for: Whole genome sequencing reveals fine-scale environment associated divergence near the range limits of a temperate reef fish
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Data from: Depth moderates loss of marine foundation species after an extreme marine heatwave: could deep temperate reefs act as a refuge?
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Data from: Refining the trophic diversity, ecological network structure, and bottom-up importance of prey groups for temperate reef fishes
<p>The file "Zarco-Perello et al Temperate Reef Fish Trophic Guilds Complete Diet Dataset.xlsx" contains several spreadsheet tabs related to the analyses carried out in the paper: <i><strong>Refining the trophic diversity, ecological network structure, and bottom-up importance of prey groups for temperate reef fishes: </strong></i><a href="https://doi.org/10.32942/X2CC97">https://doi.org/10.32942/X2CC97</a></p><p>All analyses, with the exception of the network calculations, of the study were carried out in the computer software R. The code is contained in the file "Zarco-Perello et al Temperate Reef Fish Trophic Ecology.R". For trophic network analyses we used the computer program Gephi v0.1 <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=15257446&amp;pre=&amp;suf=&amp;sa=0">(Bastian et al. 2009).</a></p><p><strong>DATASET DESCRIPTION</strong></p><p><strong>Region of Study</strong></p><p>The region of study encompasses all the temperate reefs of south-western Australia (SWA). Extending along ~1600 km of coast, from Jurien Bay Marine Park (30° 18.6 S, 115° 0.1 E) to the Recherche Archipelago Nature Research (33° 53.7 S, 123° 52.3 E; supplementary Fig. S1), the temperate reefs of SWA are distributed across the Leeuwin and Houtman biogeographical ecoregions <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=1796477&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Spalding et al. 2007)</a>, conforming approximately ⅓ of the total distribution of temperate Australia, known as the Great Southern Reef <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=4498783&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Bennett et al. 2016).</a></p><p><strong>Species Composition</strong></p><p>The species composition of the metacommunity of temperate reef fishes of the region was obtained from a total of 4589 underwater visual surveys conducted across 206 reefs in 12 locations by the Reef Life Survey (RLS) citizen science program, and the Australian Temperate Reef Collaboration (ATRC, with support from the Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions; https://www.atrc.au) from 1997 to 2021.</p><p><strong>Trophic Information</strong></p><p>All fish species listed in the RLS-ATRC database were classified in trophic guilds based on collected diet information from studies of gut content analyses in SWA, or other Australian and international regions in the absence of local information. A total of 298 fish species composed the metacommunity. For every species, we obtained diet information from the scientific literature reported on Fishbase <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=10423542&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Froese and Pauly 2019)</a> and through the search engine Scopus using the search terms: TS = (<i>name of species</i>* OR *<i>common name of species</i>*) AND TS = (diet OR *stomach content* OR *gut content* OR consump* OR herbi* OR predat* OR feeding). Diet information consisted of the average proportions of food items represented as the number of items (%N), percent volume (%V), or biomass (%W) in a population of each species. Preference was given to diet studies conducted in the region of study and those presenting biomass proportions. Species that lacked diet information globally were assigned diet proportions based on phylogenetically related species with similar size and habitat preferences based on the Fish Tree of Life <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=10720381&pre=&suf=&sa=0&dbf=0">(Chang et al. 2019)</a>.</p><p><i><< The tab "Guilds Complete Diet Dataset" contains all the diet information (stomach content proportions) and its sources for all fish species considered in the study >></i></p><p><strong>Trophic guilds classification</strong></p><p>To quantify the diversity of trophic guilds and identify important fish consumers of specific groups of prey, we classified the fish species into trophic guilds performing a multi-step cluster analysis. Firstly, species were grouped into main trophic guilds using the mutually exclusive major categories of prey items. The diet proportions in these categories were used to create a dissimilarity matrix among species based on the Bray-Curtis linkage method using the function <i>vegdist</i> of the R package Vegan <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=7457489&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Oksanen et al. 2022)</a>, which was used to run a sequential divisive hierarchical cluster analysis using the function <i>diana</i> (divisive analysis) of the R package Cluster <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=15165291&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Maechler et al. 2022)</a>. Subsequently, because there are mismatches in the resolution of diet identification between species belonging to different trophic levels (<i>e.g.</i> the diets of herbivorous fish tend to have higher resolution on macrophytes, while carnivorous species tend to have higher resolution on animal prey), species within each identified main trophic guild were subject to a cluster analysis with higher definition of prey items to identify groups of species with diet specializations using sequential agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward's Method and Bray-Curtis or Euclidean dissimilarity matrix <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=205080&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Pineda‑Munoz and Alroy 2014)</a>.</p><p>The stomach content of most scarid species (parrotfish; Labridae: Scarinae) is very difficult to identify due to their pharyngeal mill, which grinds all food items to indiscernible particles. However, they are well identified as a special group that ingest detritus and algae by scraping the reef substrate with their specialized fused teeth. Thus, for the sake of differentiating their trophic guild, the proportions of diet for species of parrotfish was arbitrarily defined based on field observations as sediment and detritus (90%) and short filamentous algae (10%) <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=11332249&pre=&suf=&sa=0&dbf=0">(Bonaldo et al. 2014)</a>. Additionally, cleaner fish and false cleaners are a special group of fishes that are difficult to group by diet given that they feed on prey that could be identified as zooplankton or zoobenthos, while in fact true cleaners forage, at least in part, on parasitic invertebrates attached to bigger fish, in addition to fish skin and scales <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=13921938&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Grutter 1997)</a>; thus, given their particular trophic ecology these labrid and blenny species were arbitrarily grouped in the major trophic group "fish cleaners" for the subsequent specialized trophic group classifications.</p><p>Visual analysis of the differences in multidimensional space between trophic guilds was done with Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling based on the dissimilarity matrix calculated for clustering using the function <i>metaMDS</i> of the R package vegan (reported in supplementary materials; <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=7457489&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Oksanen et al. 2022)</a>. Statistical significance in dietary differences among major and specialized trophic guilds (diet proportions ~ trophic guilds) was tested with permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) using the function <i>adonis2 </i>of the R package vegan <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=7457489&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Oksanen et al. 2022)</a>, followed by pairwise comparisons using the function <i>pairwise.adonis2</i> of the R package pairwiseAdonis <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=15190336&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Martinez 2017)</a>.</p><p><i><< The tabs in the dataset called "Major Guilds Diet Data", "Herbivores Diet Data", "Cleaners Diet Data", "Zoobenthivores Diet Data, "Zooplanktivores Diet Data", and "Piscivores Diet Data" are the datasets with selected diet categories for each guild without "unidentified diet items" and standardized to 100 proportion which were used for the classification of each major trophic guild into specialized trophic guilds. >></i></p><p><strong>Trophic Network Links Between Specialized Guilds</strong></p><p>The trophic links between fishes and their invertebrate and macrophyte prey groups were identified by our trophic guild classification (Other Guilds Links tab in dataset); however, the trophic role of piscivores is faced with what here we called a "matrioshka paradox", because to know their links with other guilds, we must first know the trophic links of their prey. Moreover, this is not straightforward because the highest taxonomic identification of piscivorous prey is usually limited to family level, which could belong to multiple trophic guilds. This paradox is usually not explicitly stated in the literature, and it is unclear how trophic links have been drawn in previous studies without performing detailed quantitative trophic classifications. Here we estimated the trophic links between piscivorous guilds and the rest of fish guilds by (i) assigning each fish family identified in the diets of piscivorous fishes into their respective specialized guilds based in our trophic classification, (ii) pooling their diet proportions into each specialized trophic guilds they could belong to, (iii) standardizing values by number of species in each piscivorous guild, and (iv) dividing by the total sum of diet proportions to estimate their potential predation (0-100%) on other trophic guilds in the trophic network. Trophic links that had pooled diet proportions with values <5% were discarded for clarity of the network (Piscivores Trophic Links tab in dataset). This information was joined with the trophic information from non-piscivorous trophic guilds and formatted as a list of nodes (guilds and prey groups), and links between nodes (source-target) to create the trophic network of the entire temperate reef fish metacommunity (Nodes Network List and Edges Network Lisk tabs in dataset). All network analyses were done using the computer program for network visualization and analyzes Gephi v0.1 <a href="https://sciwheel.com/work/citation?ids=15257446&pre=&suf=&sa=0">(Bastian et al. 2009)</a>.</p><p><i><< The tabs "Piscivores Trophic Links" and "Other Guilds Links" are datasets containing the calculations of the links between specialized trophic links for Piscivores and other guilds respectively used to create the data of the tabs "Nodes Network List" and "Edges Network List" to create the trophic network of the system of study. >></i></p><p><i><< The tab "Herbivory, Omnivory and Carnivory" contains diet proportion data of all fish species of the study formated to build the barplot (Fig. 4) in the manuscript showing the distribution of consumption of macrophytes, invertebrates and fishes >></i></p><p> </p>
Data from: Population genetics of a broadcast-spawning coral across a tropical-temperate transition zone reveals regional differentiation and isolation of high-latitude reefs
<p>Aim: Genetic connectivity is a key component of species resilience to climate change in terms of recovery capacity following disturbance and capacity to disperse to novel locations as the climate warms and isotherms shift poleward. We aimed to strengthen our understanding of resilience in this context by characterizing patterns of connectivity and genetic diversity in a broadcast spawning coral across a tropical-temperate transition zone. We hypothesize genetic differentiation between tropical and temperate populations and decreasing genetic diversity with higher latitudes.</p> <p>Location: Western Australia (WA).</p> <p>Taxon: <i>Turbinaria </i>species complex. <i>Turbinaria reniformis </i>Oken, 1815 (Dendrophylliidae).</p> <p>Methods: Samples from 930 target corals were collected from ten locations between 13 - 32<sup> o</sup> latitude spanning a 9° C mean temperature range. <i>In-situ</i> species identification of <i>T. reniformis </i>is hindered by morphological plasticity and homoplasy with sister species. We<i> </i>combined Sanger sequencing of two mitochondrial DNA markers and high-throughput genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to isolate a single genetic <i>Turbinaria</i> lineage from our dataset through which patterns of genetic flow and diversity along the WA coastline could be explored using population- and individual-based analyses.</p> <p>Results: Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was low among <i>Turbinaria</i> samples and could not resolve individual species. Using GBS, we identified three genetically distinct lineages. Subsequent analyses within one of these lineages revealed strong spatial subdivision with 2-3 genetic clusters. While temperate populations were genetically diverged from more tropical sites, we did not observe declines in genetic diversity with latitude.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: Temperate coral populations in Western Australia are genetically isolated from their tropical counterparts. Tropical populations of <i>T. 'reniformis' </i>exhibit adequate connectivity.<i> </i>Shark Bay represents the current southern limit of the tropical population of <i>T. 'reniformis'</i>. Interestingly, temperate <i>T. 'reniformis'</i> in this study exhibit some genetic resilience due to their relatively high genetic diversity, yet the strong patterns of genetic subdivision for this widely dispersing coral species potentially limit their resilience to future climate scenarios.</p>
Behavioural modification of range-extending coral reef fishes in temperate ecosystems
<p><span>1. Coral-reef fishes are shifting their distributions poleward in response to human-mediated ocean warming, yet the consequences for recipient temperate fish communities remain poorly understood. Behavioural modification is often the first response of species to environmental change, but we know little about how this might shape the ongoing colonisation by tropical fishes of temperate-latitude ecosystems under climate change. </span></p> <p><span>2. In a global hotspot of ocean warming (southeast Australia), we quantified 14 behavioural traits of invading tropical and local co-occurring temperate fishes at 10 sites across a 730 km latitudinal gradient as a proxy of species behavioural niche space in different climate ranges (subtropical, warm-temperate, cold-temperate). </span></p> <p><span>3. We found that tropical fishes (4 species) modified their behavioural niches as well as increased their overall behavioural niche breadth in their novel temperate ranges where temperate species predominate, but maintained a moderate to high niche segregation with native temperate species across latitudinal range position. Temperate species (3 co-occurring species) also modified their niches, but in contrast to tropical species, experienced an increased niche breadth towards subtropical ranges. Alterations to feeding and shoaling behaviours contributed most to niche modifications in tropical and temperate species, while behaviours related to alertness and escape from potential threats contributed least.</span></p> <p>4. We here show that at warmer and colder range edges where community structures are being reshuffled due to climate change, behavioural generalism and niche modification are potential mechanisms adopted by tropical range extenders and native-temperate fishes to adjust to novel species interactions under climate change.</p>
Behavioural modification of range-extending coral reef fishes in temperate ecosystems
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Data from: Population genetics of a broadcast-spawning coral across a tropical-temperate transition zone reveals regional differentiation and isolation of high-latitude reefs
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Data from: Flat and complex temperate reefs provide similar support for fish: evidence for a unimodal species-habitat relationship
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Data from: Ecoacoustic indices as proxies for biodiversity on temperate reefs
Diversity measurement techniques can present logistical and financial obstacles to conservation efforts. Ecoacoustics has recently emerged as a promising solution to these issues, providing a mechanism for measuring diversity using acoustic indices, which have proven to be beneficial in terrestrial habitats. This study investigates the application of acoustic measures as a tool for quick and effective marine diversity monitoring via direct, in situ comparison of ecoacoustics indices with species assemblage diversity measures from temperate rocky reefs. Acoustic recordings and visual surveys of reef fish abundance were collected at nine sites in north-eastern New Zealand. Three ecoacoustic indices originally developed for terrestrial use were then compared to three species assemblage diversity measures and compared using Pearson correlations. Additionally, four criteria for successful ecoacoustic indices were developed and tested as a means of standardizing future evaluation and use of acoustic indices: (i) positive correlations between species diversity and ecoacoustic indices in relevant frequency ranges, (ii) robustness to changes in spectral resolution, (iii) robustness to the presence of natural noise interference (i.e. wind) and (iv) robustness to the presence of anthropogenic noise. Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI) was significantly correlated with Pielou's Evenness (J′) and Shannon's index (H′). Neither Acoustic Richness (AR) nor ACI was impacted by changes in spectral resolution, but values of the Acoustic Entropy Index (H) increased significantly between fast Fourier transformation (FFT) sizes 512 and 1024. H was consistently positively correlated with both H′ and estimated number of species (S) above a spectral resolution of c. 140·6 Hz (FFT size 1024). Wind did not affect any of the acoustic indices. As anthropogenic noise was included in these investigations, both ACI and H were considered robust to its presence. While AR failed to meet all four criteria for a successful ecoacoustic indices, both ACI and H appeared to be appropriate for use on temperate reefs. In a time of accelerated global diversity loss, these two ecoacoustic indices show strong potential for use as efficient, non-invasive marine diversity measures.
Data from: Ecoacoustic indices as proxies for biodiversity on temperate reefs
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