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Data from: Energy expenditure and body size are targets of natural selection across a wide geographic range, in a terrestrial invertebrate
One of the central questions in evolutionary ecology is how different functional capacities impact fitness, and how it varies across populations. For instance, do phenotypic attributes influence fitness similarly across geographic gradients? Which traits (physiological, morphological, life history) are most likely to be targets of natural selection? Do particular combinations of traits maximize fitness? In a semi-natural experiment, we analyzed introduced populations of an invasive species, the garden snail (Cornu aspersum) in Chile, which show low levels of genetic differentiation in spite of the distance. Specifically, we addressed whether the magnitude, sign and form of selection in snail populations could explain the differentiation (or its absence) among populations. A common garden/reciprocal transplant experiment was performed in three populations (La Serena, Constitución and Valdivia) that span a 1300 km latitudinal gradient and differ markedly in climate (semiarid North to humid South). We then released ca. 450 individuals per population (two generations after field-captured snails) in replicated enclosures at the range extremes (La Serena and Valdivia). Morphological (size and shell darkness), physiological (standard metabolic rate and digestive efficiency) and life history (growth rate) traits were measured in all snails before the release. Survival was recorded monthly during one year. However, we only detected significant selection on body size (MB), residual standard metabolic rate (SMRR) and growth rate. Survival was significantly higher in snails from La Serena than in snails from Constitución and Valdivia, when raised at La Serena. However, at Valdivia survival was not different among source populations. Interestingly, we found negative correlational selection in MB and SMRR at La Serena whereas at Valdivia, we only found directional selection on growth rate and MB, and stabilizing selection on SMRR. These results suggest that selection on physiological traits related with energy allocation is pervasive, irrespective of climate and distance.
FIGURE 1 in Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate Fauna of the High Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard
FIGURE 1. Map of the principle islands of the Svalbard archipelago showing the locations of the main research sites, 1) Ny-Ålesund, 2) Longyearbyen, and 3) Hornsund.
Figure 5 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands
Figure 5. Insects. (a) Dermestes (Dermestinus) maculatus (Dermestidae), (b) Kuschelinus insularis (Carabidae) Endemic, (c) Pachystylus sp. 2 (Curculionidae), (d) Toxotarsus ambrosianus (Calliphoridae) Endemic, (e) Nysius sp. (Lygaeidae), and (f) Trimerotropis ochraceipennis (Acrididae).
Figure 1 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands
Figure 1. Desventuradas Islands. Located in the Southeastern Pacific the Desventuradas Islands (Red box) are composed of two islands: to the west San Félix (26°17'S; 80°05'W) and to the east San Ambrosio (26°20'S; 79°53'W) (Yellow box). Map generated with images from www.esri.com.
Figure 2 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands
Figure 2. Deforestation of the Thamnoseris lacerata forest. (a) Historical picture taken around 1980 showing the extent of the T. lacerata forest on San Ambrosio. Photo credit: "Isla San Ambrosio, 1980" In: Chile a color, Geografía. Colección Biblioteca Antártica, Vol. I. pag. 437. Direction and production: Isabel Margarita Aguirre and other authors. Editorial Antártica 1983, Santiago de Chile. (b) Picture taken in September 2018, showing the same approximate location of a deforested landscape on San Ambrosio. Photo credit: Lukas Mekis / Island Conservation.
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).
Figure 7 in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 7. Several individuals of the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti (Müller) (Nemata: Secernentea: Rhabdita: Panagrolaimidae). Engraving reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Figure 6 in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 6. Dorsal and ventral aspects of an astigmatid mite of the genus Tyrophagus (Chelicerata: Arachnida: Acari), probably T. longior (Gervais). Engraving reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Figure 5. A in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 5. A pseudoscorpion, Chelifer cancroides (L.) (Chelicerata: Arachnida: Pseudoscorpionida). Engraving reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Figure 4 in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 4. An oribatid mite of the family Oribatulidae, very likely Phauloppia lucorum (Koch). Engraving reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Figure 3 in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 3. Dorsal and ventral aspects of the same male individual of a harvestman (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Opiliones), most likely Leiobunum rotundum (Latreille). Engraving reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Figure 1 in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 1. (A) Spongin fibre skeleton of a marine sponge (phylum Porifera) of indeterminate genus or species, but most likely either Spongia or Hippospongia (Family Spongiidae: Order Dictyoceratida: Class Demospongiae). (B, C) The skeletal remains of a colony of Flustra foliacea L. (Phylum Ectoprocta), a colonial marine animal. Note Hooke's use of a scale line in (C). Engravings reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Figure 2 in A zoologist's perspective on Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665) studies of marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and his contemplations on invertebrate "generation" and mutability
Figure 2. The mouth, including the horny jaw, of a helicid snail, very likely Cornu aspersum (Müller). Engraving reproduced by permission of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Pennsylvania.
Space use of invertebrates in terrestrial habitats: phylogenetic, functional and environmental drivers of interspecific variations
<p>We present the first global database of movement patterns of terrestrial invertebrates, focusing on active dispersal and foraging movements.</p>
Data from: Energy expenditure and body size are targets of natural selection across a wide geographic range, in a terrestrial invertebrate
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Data from: Artificial agri-environment scheme ponds do not replicate natural environments despite higher aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate richness and abundance
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">1. Farmland ponds are a highly threatened freshwater habitat which has undergone dramatic losses during the last 200 years due to land drainage schemes and agricultural intensification. Agri-environment schemes (AES) incentivise farmers to adopt farming methods to benefit biodiversity, yet there are a paucity of data evaluating the success of artificially created AES ponds as analogues of natural ponds in an attempt to recreate lost environments.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">2. We examined variation in environmental parameters and aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate communities between 38 natural ponds and 91 artificial ponds that were created in south-west Ireland (<i>n</i>=129).</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">3. Artificial ponds in agricultural grassland did not replicate natural ponds in adjacent semi-natural habitats differing significantly in size, pH, conductivity, productivity (indicated by submerged and emergent plant cover including algae) and surrounding vegetation structure i.e. sward height. These differences significantly influenced aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate community structure with a suite of indicator taxa in both natural and artificial ponds.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">4. The conservation value of artificial ponds in agricultural grasslands should not be underestimated as they had 43% higher aquatic species richness and 33% higher aquatic species abundance than natural ponds in adjacent semi-natural habitats.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>5. Synthesis and applications</i>. We demonstrate that artificial agri-environment scheme ponds created in agricultural grasslands, whilst not direct analogues of natural ponds in adjacent semi-natural habitats, do fulfil a role in preserving high local biodiversity albeit representing a different community of species. Creation of ponds in farmland as well as in adjacent natural habitats could provide a wider range of environmental conditions and richer associated macroinvertebrate communities, increasing landscape connectivity and further enhancing regional biodiversity.</p>
Figure 3 from: Karam-Gemael M, Decker P, Stoev P, Marques MI, Chagas Jr A (2020) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943
Figure 3 Proportion of extinction risk categories of the Worldwide Myriapoda Red List presented here. Includes data from regional Red Lists from eleven countries and from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Threatened categories are within dashed red lines.
Figure 1 from: Karam-Gemael M, Decker P, Stoev P, Marques MI, Chagas Jr A (2020) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943
Figure 1 IUCN extinction risks categories for global assessments. Threatened categories are within dashed red line. (Modified from IUCN 2019).
Figure 2 from: Karam-Gemael M, Decker P, Stoev P, Marques MI, Chagas Jr A (2020) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943
Figure 2 Countries included in this study. In orange, countries consulted that have their own local lists and myriapods are listed: Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Norway, Slovenia, Russia, Sweden, UK. In green, countries consulted that have their own local lists, but there are not myriapods listed: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, France, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guiana, India, Italy, Ireland, Mexico, Madagascar, Mongolia, Netherlands, Peru, Republic of Korea, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam.
Supplementary material 1 from: Karam-Gemael M, Decker P, Stoev P, Marques MI, Chagas Jr A (2020) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943
Worlwide Myriapoda assessments
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