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Text-fig. 8. Tachyglossus aculeatus. Transverse section through the temporal region of the adult head. Membranous parts blue, autostoses brown and allostoses purple. gg: ganglion gasseri; lop: lamina obturatoria periotici; ms: sphenobturatory membrane; mt: musculus temporalis; oo: os obturans; opa: parietal bone. (Modified from Kuhn and Zeller 1987.) in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 8. Tachyglossus aculeatus. Transverse section through the temporal region of the adult head. Membranous parts blue, autostoses brown and allostoses purple. gg: ganglion gasseri; lop: lamina obturatoria periotici; ms: sphenobturatory membrane; mt: musculus temporalis; oo: os obturans; opa: parietal bone. (Modified from Kuhn and Zeller 1987.)

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e).

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g).

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f).

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c).

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h).

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae

Text-fig. 2. Portuguese Early Cretaceous formations in the Torres Vedras and in the Figueira da Foz region. The Torres Vedras mesofossil flora was collected in the lower Almargem Formation. The Buarcos mesofossil flora, and several other younger mesofossil floras from Portugal, are from the lower part of the Figueira da Foz Formation. Based on information in Rey et al. (2006). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 2. Portuguese Early Cretaceous formations in the Torres Vedras and in the Figueira da Foz region. The Torres Vedras mesofossil flora was collected in the lower Almargem Formation. The Buarcos mesofossil flora, and several other younger mesofossil floras from Portugal, are from the lower part of the Figueira da Foz Formation. Based on information in Rey et al. (2006).

Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f); in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f);

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).

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Text-fig. 1. Map of Primorye region with early angiosperm localities near Bolshoy Kamen, Partizansk and Jixi. in An Angiosperm Dominated Herbaceous Community From The Early - Middle Albian Of Primorye, Far East Of Russia

Text-fig. 1. Map of Primorye region with early angiosperm localities near Bolshoy Kamen, Partizansk and Jixi.

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet.

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct.

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 5. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in tympanic view; the posttympanic process of the squamosal and some possible entotympanic are also included. a – isosurface; b – line drawing with labels. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions on medial flange. Abbreviations: ams – anteromedial septum, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, cct – canal for chorda tympani nerve, ci – crista interfenestralis, cof – cochlear fossula, cp – crista parotica, ctp – caudal tympanic process, en? – possible entotympanic, epc – epitympanic crest, ew – epitympanic wing, fc – facial canal, fv – fenestra in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 5. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in tympanic view; the posttympanic process of the squamosal and some possible entotympanic are also included. a – isosurface; b – line drawing with labels. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions on medial flange. Abbreviations: ams – anteromedial septum, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, cct – canal for chorda tympani nerve, ci – crista interfenestralis, cof – cochlear fossula, cp – crista parotica, ctp – caudal tympanic process, en? – possible entotympanic, epc – epitympanic crest, ew – epitympanic wing, fc – facial canal, fv – fenestra

Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity.