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77 results for “thermal physiology”

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dryad36/100

Data from: Physiological effects of interacting native and invasive bivalves under thermal stress

Across many ecosystems in North America and Europe, native freshwater bivalves (Order Unionida) are threatened by fouling and competition for food by the invasive zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. In light of climate change, knowledge on the influence of water temperature on these competitive effects is important, yet poorly understood. This study examines the physiological impact of the interaction between D. polymorpha and the native European unionid Anodonta cygnea over a 28-day period in response to water temperatures of 12, 19, and 25 °C by comparing their glycogen, glucose, lipid, and protein concentrations. The laboratory experiment comprised three treatments: (1) fouling of A. cygnea by D. polymorpha, (2) both species present but not fouling; and (3) a control in which A. cygnea and D. polymorpha were placed separately. Increased water temperatures caused physiological stress in D. polymorpha as evident from reduced glycogen, glucose, lipid, and protein concentrations. Dreissena polymorpha benefited from fouling of unionids, as individuals that fouled A. cygnea tended to have increased glycogen, glucose, lipid and protein concentrations. Competitive effects of D. polymorpha over the unionid bivalve species, however, were not intensified by elevated temperatures. Glochidia release, lower infestation intensity, and physiological stress of Dreissena at higher temperatures were likely confounding factors. The results of this study suggest that understanding the physiological consequences of species interactions at changing temperatures can be an important tool to assess future climate change impacts on freshwater bivalves and aquatic community structures.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Impacts of gut microbial depletion on tadpole thermal physiology

The goal of our study was to determine if depletion of gut microbiome diversity would alter host thermal tolerance in a vertebrate ectotherm. We raised laboratory-reared tadpoles of the green frog in two microbial colonization treatments: colonized and depleted. Colonized tadpoles were raised in natural pond water to provide a rich source of microbiota for colonization of the gut, and depleted tadpoles were raised in autoclaved pond water to reduce this source of microbiota. We then performed a suite of experiments to test for differences in thermal physiology between groups. In our first experiment we tested tadpole acute thermal tolerance (critical thermal minimum and maximum). We verified our results in a second set of tadpoles and then tested tadpole survival under heat stress and thermal sensitivity of locomotion performance. Lastly, we tested for differences in physiological traits at lower levels of biological organization to identify putative mechanisms behind our results including mitochondrial enzyme activities, phospholipid membrane composition, and whole-organism metabolic rate.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Evolution of thermal physiology alters the projected range of threespine stickleback under climate change

Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to predict range shifts but could be unreliable under climate change scenarios because they do not account for evolution. The thermal physiology of a species is a key determinant of range and thus incorporating thermal trait evolution into SDMs might be expected to alter projected ranges. We identified a genetic basis for physiological and behavioural traits that evolve in response to temperature change in natural populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Using these data, we created geographic range projections using a mechanistic niche envelope approach under two climate change scenarios. Under both scenarios, trait data was either static ('no evolution' model), allowed to evolve at observed evolutionary rates for the trait ('evolution' model), or allowed to evolve at a rate of evolution scaled in association with the variance that is explained by quantitative trait loci (QTL; 'scaled evolution' models). We show that incorporating these traits and their evolution substantially altered the projected ranges for a widespread panmictic marine population, with over 7-fold increases in area under climate change projections when traits are allowed to evolve. Evolution-informed SDMs should improve the precision of forecasting range dynamics under climate change, and aid in their application to management and the protection of biodiversity.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations

Many species have not tracked their thermal niches upslope as predicted by climate change, potentially because higher elevations are associated with abiotic challenges beyond temperature. To better predict if organisms can continue to move upslope with rising temperatures, we need to understand their physiological performance when subjected to novel high elevation conditions. Here, we captured Anna's hummingbirds – a species expanding their elevational distribution in concordance with rising temperatures – from across their current elevational distribution and tested their physiological response to novel abiotic conditions. First, at a central aviary within their current elevational range, we measured hovering metabolic rate to assess their response to oxygen conditions and torpor use to assess their response to thermal conditions. Second, we transported the hummingbirds to a location 1200 meters above their current elevational range limit to test an acute response to novel oxygen and thermal conditions. Hummingbirds exhibited lower hovering metabolic rates above their current elevational range limit, suggesting lower oxygen availability may reduce performance after an acute exposure. Alternatively, hummingbirds showed a facultative response to thermal conditions by using torpor more frequently and longer. Finally, post-experimental dissection found that hummingbirds originating from higher elevations within their range had larger hearts, a potential plastic response to hypoxic environments. Overall, our results suggest lower oxygen availability and low air pressure may be difficult challenges to overcome for hummingbirds shifting upslope due to rising temperatures, especially if there is little to no long-term acclimatization. Future studies should investigate how chronic exposure and acclimatization to novel conditions, as opposed to acute experiments, may result in alternative outcomes that help organisms better respond to abiotic challenges associated climate-induced range shifts.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Thermal physiology of Drosophila tripunctata across an urbanization gradient

In Drosophila spp., their often high number of annual generations, large population sizes, and large amounts of standing genetic variation should predispose them to undergo contemporary adaptation to climatic warming. However, a number of laboratory experimental evolution studies in this group of organisms suggest strong limits on the rate and magnitude of contemporary thermal adaptation. Here we explore this discrepancy by examining the potential for rapid evolutionary divergence between wild populations of Drosophila tripunctata (Loew 1962) from rural and urban sites. We performed a multi-generation common garden study and found evidence for the evolution of higher heat tolerance (critical thermal maximum) in urban population flies. We also detected evolutionary divergence in cold resistance (chill coma recovery time) with diminished cold resistance in urban population flies, though the effect was weaker than the shift in heat tolerance. Although our study provides evidence of contemporary urban thermal adaptation, the magnitude of phenotypic change lagged behind the magnitude of environmental temperature change across the urbanization gradient, suggesting potential limits on the evolution of urban thermal physiology.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Physiological thermal niches, elevational ranges and thermal stress in dendrobatid frogs: an integrated approach

Aim: We investigated the relationship between thermal physiology, elevational distribution, and thermal stress among nine closely related dendrobatid frogs during their aquatic stage by employing an integrated approach, combining thermal physiology, environmental temperature modelling, and predictive assessments of current and future exposure to thermal variation. Location: Ecuador Taxon: Amphibians; Anura, Dendrobatidae, Epipedobates, Hyloxalus Methods: We determined the Thermal Performance Curves of larval growth (TPCs) for each species and modelled the thermal variation in contrasting aquatic larval environments for both present and future times. This allowed us to estimate the expected elevational distributions and forecast periods of exposure to stressful temperatures that inhibit larval growth due to elevation and global warming. Results: We found significant correlations between optimum temperature (Topt), 50 % maximum performance temperature (maxB50), 50% minimum performance temperature (minB50), and cold resistance (survival at 9 ºC) with the current elevational distributions. However, thermal physiology predicted lower than observed distributions for high-elevation dendrobatids and higher than observed maximum elevations for lowland species. Nonetheless, our models predicted that low thermal variability habitats (i.e. streams and deep permanent ponds) can buffer the future increase in temperatures for all taxa, even when considering the most extreme scenario. In contrast, all species within high thermal variation habitats (open forest temporary ponds) are expected to experience stressful temperatures under present conditions. Main Conclusions: The findings indicate that thermal physiology may not be a limiting factor for dendrobatid frog species' ranges in this equatorial mountain gradient. Highland species may need to adapt to suboptimal performance, while some lowland species could occupy higher elevations. This study emphasizes the importance of habitat buffering to mitigate thermal stress in the face of climate change for amphibians in tropical mountains.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Data from: Sexual color ornamentation, microhabitat choice, and thermal physiology in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)

Common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) in Italy show a striking variation in body coloration across the landscape, with highly exaggerated black and green colors in hot and dry climates and brown and white colors in cool and wet climates. Males are more intensely colored than females, and previous work has suggested that the maintenance of variation in coloration across the landscape reflects climatic effects on the strength of male–male competition, and through this sexual selection. However climatic effects on the intensity of male–male competition would need to be exceptionally strong to fully explain the geographic patterns of color variation. Thus, additional processes may contribute to the maintenance of color variation. Here we test the hypothesis that selection for green and black ornamentation in the context of male–male competition is opposed by selection against ornamentation because the genes involved in the regulation of coloration have pleiotropic effects on thermal physiology, such that ornamentation is selected against in cool climates. Field observations revealed no association between body coloration and microhabitat use or field active body temperatures. Consistent with these field data, lizards at the extreme ends of the phenotypic distribution for body coloration did not show any differences in critical minimum temperature, preferred body temperature, temperature‐dependent metabolic rate, or evaporative water loss when tested in the laboratory. Combined, these results provide no evidence that genes that underlie sexual ornamentation are selected against in cool climate because of pleiotropic effects on thermal biology.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Figure 10 in Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates

Figure 10. Modes of heat gain and loss for a basking lizard (from Pianka & Vitt, 2003).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2005View details →

zenodo36/100

Figure 8 in Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates

Figure 8. Dorsal view of the skeleton of Acanthostega (from Coates, 1996).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2005View details →

dryad36/100

Developmental environment has lasting effects on amphibian behavior and thermal physiology

Environmental challenges early in development can result in complex phenotypic trade-offs and long-term effects on individual physiology, performance, and behavior, with implications for disease and predation risk. We examined the effects of simulated pond-drying and elevated water temperatures on development, growth, thermal physiology, and behavior in a widespread North American amphibian, the Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala. Tadpoles were raised in outdoor mesocosms under warming and drying regimes based on projected climatic conditions in 2070. We predicted that amphibians experiencing the rapid pond drying and elevated pond temperatures associated with climate change would accelerate development, be smaller at metamorphosis and demonstrate long-term differences in physiology and exploratory behavior post-metamorphosis. While both drying and warming accelerated development and reduced survival to metamorphosis, only drying resulted in smaller animals at metamorphosis. At approximately one month post-metamorphosis, animals from the control (ambient no-drying) treatment jumped relatively farther at high temperatures in jumping trials. In addition, across all treatments, frogs with shorter larval periods had lower critical thermal minima and maxima. We also found evidence that developing under warming and drying resulted in a less exploratory behavioral phenotype, and that drying, but not warming, resulted in warmer thermal preferences. Furthermore, behavior predicted thermal preference, with less exploratory animals selecting higher temperatures. Our results underscore the multi-faceted effects of early developmental environments on behavioral and physiological phenotypes later in life. For example, thermal preferences can influence disease risk through behavioral thermoregulation, and exploratory behavior may increase risk of predation or pathogen encounter. By impacting thermal physiology, behavior, and various physiological traits, climatic stressors during development may mediate amphibian exposure and susceptibility to predators and pathogens into adulthood.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

dryad36/100

High physiological function for corals with thermally tolerant, host-adapted symbionts

The flexibility to associate with more than one symbiont may considerably expand a host's niche breadth. Coral animals and dinoflagellate micro-algae represent one of the most functionally integrated and widespread mutualisms between two eukaryotic partners. Symbiont identity greatly affects a coral's ability to cope with extremes in temperature and light. Over its broad distribution across the Eastern Pacific, the ecologically dominant branching coral, Pocillopora grandis, depends on mutualisms with the dinoflagellates Durusdinium glynnii and Cladocopium latusorum. Measurements of skeletal growth, calcification rates, total mass increase, calyx dimensions, reproductive output and response to thermal stress were used to assess the functional performance of these partner combinations. The results show both host–symbiont combinations displayed similar phenotypes; however, significant functional differences emerged when exposed to increased temperatures. Negligible physiological differences in colonies hosting the more thermally tolerant D. glynnii refute the prevailing view that these mutualisms have considerable growth tradeoffs. Well beyond the Eastern Pacific, pocilloporid colonies with D. glynnii are found across the Pacific in warm, environmentally variable, near-shore lagoonal habitats. While rising ocean temperatures threaten the persistence of contemporary coral reefs, lessons from the Eastern Pacific indicate that co-evolved thermally tolerant host–symbiont combinations are likely to expand ecologically and spread geographically to dominate reef ecosystems in the future.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100