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FIGURE 6 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 6. Asulcate (left) and sulcate (right) faces of the fully everted and maximally expanded right hemipenis of the paratype of Helicops phantasma (MZUSP 19319), from the municipality of Carolina, state of Maranh"o, Brazil. Scale bar = 10 mm

FIGURE 7 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 7. Asulcate (right) and sulcate (left) faces of the fully everted and maximally expanded right hemipenis of Helicops leopardinus (UFMT-R 1504) from the municipality of Cuiabá, state Mato Grosso, Brazil (above), and Helicops danieli (AMNH 97461), from state of Bolivar, Colombia. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 5. Localities of record of Helicops phantasma [black (type locality) and white triangles] and of the present sample of He. leopardinus (black circles). Crosses denote areas of hydroelectric dams already installed or projected to the future in the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin. Gray shading illustrates the main hydrographic basins of Central and Northern Brazil (1: Amazon Basin; 2: Tocantins-Araguaia Basin; 3: Atlantico Norte and Nordeste Basins; 4 S"o Francisco Basin; 5: Atlantico Leste Basin, and 6: Paraná Basin).

FIGURE 4 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of the head of the holotype of Helicops phantasma sp. nov. (UFMT-R 8290) from the region of the municipality of Barra do Garças, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral views of the holotype of Helicops phantasma sp. nov. (UFMT-R 8290), from the region of the municipality of Barra do Garças, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Scale bar = 40 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Illustrations of the syntypes of (A) Helicops leopardinus (Schlegel, 1837) [modified from Jan & Sordelli (1864: f. 2, pl. III)] and (B–C) He. leprieurii Duméril et al., 1854, a junior synonym [modified from Jan & Sordelli (1864: f. 2–3, pl. IV). In both cases, the dorsal pattern consists of rounded black spots.

FIGURE 2 in Long known, brand new, and possibly threatened: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes; Xenodontinae) from the Tocantins- Araguaia River Basin, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Hydropsini (one species of Hydrops, one species of Pseudoeryx, and 11 species of Helicops) based on a concatenated matrix of the 12S, 16S, BDNF, C-mos, and NT3 sequence data. Numbers at nodes indicate the values of Bayesian Credibility/Maximum Likelihood bootstrap. The bar represents the number of expected changes per site in the Bayesian Analysis. Terminal H1733 corresponds to the voucher MZUSP 19695. The name Helicops pictiventris is currently in the synonymy of He. infrataeniatus, but appears in the tree exactly as the pertinent sequences appear in the GenBank (see Zaher et al. 2009).

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dryad32/100

Data from: An integrative approach to understanding the evolution and diversity of Copiapoa (Cactaceae), a threatened endemic Chilean genus from the Atacama Desert

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Species of the endemic Chilean cactus genus Copiapoa have cylindrical or (sub)globose stems that are solitary or form (large) clusters and typically yellow flowers. Many species are threatened with extinction. Despite being icons of the Atacama Desert and well loved by cactus enthusiasts, the evolution and diversity of Copiapoa has not yet been studied using a molecular approach. METHODS: Sequence data of three plastid DNA markers (rpl32-trnL, trnH-psbA, ycf1) of 39 Copiapoa taxa were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches. Species distributions were modeled based on geo-referenced localities and climatic data. Evolution of character states of four characters (root morphology, stem branching, stem shape, and stem diameter) as well as ancestral areas were reconstructed using a Bayesian and maximum likelihood framework, respectively. KEY RESULTS: Clades of species are revealed. Though 32 morphologically defined species can be recognized, genetic diversity between some species and infraspecific taxa is too low to delimit their boundaries using plastid DNA markers. Recovered relationships are often supported by morphological and biogeographical patterns. The origin of Copiapoa likely lies between southern Peru and the extreme north of Chile. The Copiapó Valley limited colonization between two biogeographical areas. CONCLUSIONS: Copiapoa is here defined to include 32 species and five heterotypic subspecies. Thirty species are classified into four sections and two subsections, while two species remain unplaced. A better understanding of evolution and diversity of Copiapoa will allow allocating conservation resources to the most threatened lineages and focusing conservation action on real biodiversity.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of karst forest-adapted Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827) belonging to the C. sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

FIGURE 3. Upper: adult male holotype of Cyrtodactylus guakanthanensis sp. nov. (LSUHC 11322) from Gua Kanthan, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Middle: adult male paratype of C. guakanthanensis sp. nov. (LSUHC 11322). Lower: hatchling C. guakanthanensis sp. nov. (LSUDPC 8175)

FIGURE 2 in A new species of karst forest-adapted Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827) belonging to the C. sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

FIGURE 2. Inferred phylogenetic relationships of the Cyrtodactylys sworderi complex based on 1502 bp of mitochondrial ND2 gene. The tree is a Maximum Likelihood topology (lnL -13502.996020) with Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP left) and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values (ML right).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of karst forest-adapted Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827) belonging to the C. sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

FIGURE 4. Habitat at the type locality, Gua Kanthan, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper: eroded and cracked limestone wall that provides refuge for Cyrtodactylus guakanthanensis sp. nov. Lower: structure of the limestone forest of the type locality.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of karst forest-adapted Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827) belonging to the C. sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

FIGURE 1. Distribution of the species of the Cyrotdactylus sworderi complex in Peninsular Malaysia. Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus was omitted owing to its ubiquitous distribution throughout Peninsular Malayisa (Grismer 2011a).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of karst forest Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of Peninsular Malaysia's endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation

FIGURE 6. Upper left: Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus (LSUDPC 2509) from Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Lower left: C. guakanthanensis (LSUDPC 8072) from Gua Kanthan, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Upper right: C. tebuensis (LSUDPC 7990) from Gunung Tebu, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Lower right: C. sworderi (LSUDPC 5875) from Gunung Panti, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of karst forest Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of Peninsular Malaysia's endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation

FIGURE 4. Type series of Cyrtodactylus gunungsenyumensis sp. nov. from Gunung Senyum, Hutan Lipur Gunung Senyum, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of karst forest Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of Peninsular Malaysia's endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation

FIGURE 2. Inferred phylogenetic relationships within the sworderi complex. The phylogram is a Maximum Likelihood topology with Bayesian posterior probabilities and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values, respectively. The green circles indicate instances of independent evolution of karst ecosystem ecology.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of karst forest Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of Peninsular Malaysia's endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Cyrtodactylus gunungsenyumensis sp. nov., C. tebuensis, C. guakanthanensis, and C. sworderi of the sworderi complex. Stars indicate type localities.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of karst forest Bent-toed Gecko (genus Cyrtodactylus Gray) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of Peninsular Malaysia's endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation

FIGURE 3. Left: Cyrtodactylus gunungsenyumensis sp. nov. Upper left: LSUHC 12200 subadult female; middle left: 12201 juvenile; lower left; LSUHC 12209 adult female. Right: Microhabitat of C. gunungsenyumensis sp. nov. at Gunung Senyum, Hutan Lipur Gunung Senyum, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.

FIGURE 5 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views of the hemipenis of B. sazimai (MBML 3319 paratype). Scale bar = 5 mm.