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61 results for “time constraints”
Functional niche constraints on carnivore assemblages (mammalia: carnivora) in the Americas: What facilitates coexistence through space and time?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Mammalian carnivores are among the best studied groups in terms of evolutionary history. However, the effects of species interactions in shaping community assemblages remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that indirect interactions via ecological trait filtering play a key role in structuring carnivoran assemblages, mediate coexistence, and thus should show high functional diversity in space and time at continental scales.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Americas.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Mammalian carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We followed a macroecological perspective via ecological networks analyses for indirect interactions, and assessed the underlying functional diversity (FD) across space and from the Last Interglacial to the present in the Americas. We analyzed the potential distributions and six ecological traits of 88 species to establish possible mechanisms that enables species to coexist and the underlying diversity patterns. We compared the empirical results with two null models, and two sensitivity analyses.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Co-occurring carnivore species presented ecological segregation driven mainly by a size ratio (S <sub>R</sub>) relationship, called here the body-size spatial anti-clustering effect. The underlying FD patterns showed low redundancy towards the tropics and the poles during the times evaluated. However, during the LGM, shifts occurred primarily at high latitudes in North America. This shift affected the S <sub>R</sub> relationship and therefore changed functional diversity patterns. These local-to-continental interactions mediated by the S <sub>R</sub> are significant from an ecological and biogeographic perspective, suggesting a robust and consistent trend in which carnivore species of similar size have a lower probability of occupying the same area unless they differentiate in other ecological trait spaces.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> The S <sub>R</sub> relationship is potentially a primary mechanism limiting carnivore coexistence, reflecting functional filtering. The S <sub>R</sub> tends to be conservative across different ecological trait groups and through time and space. We propose that the body-size spatial anti-clustering effect can directly measure species' coexistence and mediate FD patterns in the Americas.</p>
When time is not of the essence: constraints to the carbon balance of bryophytes. Supporting Information.
<p>Excel file. Compiled data for net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation and relative growth rates of bryophytes and tracheophytes, as well as optimum temperatures for photosynthesis of bryophytes.</p> <p><br> Word file. Full reference list of the studies included in the Excel file.</p>
Dataset and script to: Morphometric variance, evolutionary constraints and their change through time in Late Devonian Palmatolepis conodonts
<p>Phenotypic variation is the raw material of evolution. Standing variation can facilitate response to selection along "lines of least evolutionary resistance", but selection itself might alter the structure of the variance. Shape was quantified using 2D geometric morphometrics in <i>Palmatolepis </i>conodonts through the Late Devonian period. Patterns of variance were characterized along the record by the variance-covariance matrix (P-matrix) and its first axis (Pmax). The Late Frasnian was marked by environmental oscillations culminating with the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction. A shape response was associated with these fluctuations, together with a deflection of the Pmax and the P-matrix. Thereafter, along the Famennian, <i>Palmatolepis </i>mean shape shifted from broad elements with a large platform to slender elements devoid of platform. This shift in shape was associated with a reorientation of Pmax and the P-matrix, due to profound changes in the functioning of the elements selecting for new types of variants. Both cases provide empirical evidences that moving adaptive optimum can reorient phenotypic variation, boosting response to environmental changes. On such time scales, the question seems thus not to be whether the P-matrix is stable, but how it is varying in response to changes in selection regimes and shifts in adaptive optimum.</p>
Functional niche constraints on carnivore assemblages (mammalia: carnivora) in the Americas: What facilitates coexistence through space and time?
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Experimental data on time constraint, predator, and pollutant stress effects across life stages in the damselfly <em>Lestes sponsa</em>
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Data from: Nocturnal foraging lifts time-constraints in winter for migratory geese but hardly speeds up fueling
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Data from: Longer development provides first‐feeding fish time to escape hydrodynamic constraints
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Dataset and script to: Morphometric variance, evolutionary constraints and their change through time in Late Devonian Palmatolepis conodonts
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Treelists, constraints and logfiles for: Relative time constraints improve molecular dating
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Seasonal time constraints shape life history, physiology and behaviour independently, and decouple a behavioural syndrome in a damselfly
The integration of traits into 'syndromes' has been suggested as a useful framework to advance insights in trait responses to environmental stressors. Yet, how stressors shape the consistency ('repeatability') of traits and their covariation at the individual level remains debated. We studied how seasonal time constraints shape trait repeatability and integration of life-history, behavioural, and physiological traits along a fast-slow continuum, using the 'pace-of-life syndrome' as a framework. We manipulated the photoperiod during the larval development of the damselfly Ischnura elegans, generating a time-relaxed early, a control, and a time-constrained late group. The photoperiod treatment did not seem to affect the voltinism of the larvae. As predicted, late-period larvae accelerated development and growth, yet this acceleration was no longer detectable for growth and metabolic rate during the final instar, possibly due to costs of the initial life-history acceleration. This warrants caution when inferring a species' pace-of-life based on a specific developmental stage. The late-period larvae were as predicted more active (only during the later stages of the final instar) and bolder than the control larvae, but not different from the early-period larvae. Most studies on time constraints only compared late and control animals, thereby potentially wrongly concluding adaptive responses to time constraints. Activity, boldness, and body mass were repeatable, while growth and metabolic rates were not. Notably, repeatabilities did not change under time constraints. There was no support for an overall trait integration in a pace-of-life syndrome, yet activity and boldness covaried positively as expected. Importantly, this 'behavioural syndrome' was decoupled in the late-period larvae, which might be adaptive to enhance energy acquisition to fuel the accelerated development rate. Our results suggest that besides the predicted plastic acceleration of life-history, plastic changes in behavioural trait integration may also be an important but overlooked adaptive aspect of responding to time constraints.
Uranium isotope constraints on the pre-deposition time of Asian dust to the North Pacific Ocean: Implications for provenance and iron supply
<p>This dataset presents uranium isotope data covering a 300,000-year period retrieved from Ocean Drilling Program site 1209B in the North Pacific Ocean. Additionally, it incorporates uranium-neodymium isotope data sourced from multiple deserts in China, providing a comprehensive reexamination of the origin of dust in the North Pacific region.</p>
Data release: "The metallicity dependence and evolutionary times of merging binary black holes: Combined constraints from individual gravitational-wave detections and the stochastic background"
<p>This data release contains the data to reproduce the results of "<strong>The metallicity dependence and evolutionary times of merging binary black holes: Combined constraints from individual gravitational-wave detections and the stochastic background</strong>" (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.17625">arXiv:2310.17625</a>, published version <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3d5c">here</a>).</p> <p>The code that was used to generate this data can be found on <a href="https://github.com/kevinturbang/bbh_gwb_time_delay_inference">this GitHub repository</a>. Jupyter notebooks to reproduce the figures of the paper are also included, and can be found <a href="https://github.com/kevinturbang/bbh_gwb_time_delay_inference/tree/main/figures">here</a>.</p>
Data from: Sexual selection, feather wear, and time constraints on the pre-basic molt explain the acquisition of the pre-alternate molt in European passerines
<p><span>Avian feathers need to be replaced periodically to fulfill their functions, with natural, social, and sexual selection presumably driving the evolution of molting strategies. In temperate birds, a common pattern is to molt feathers immediately after the breeding season, the pre-basic molt. However, some species undergo another molt in winter-spring, the pre-alternate molt. Using a sample of 188 European passerine species, Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models, and correlated evolution analyses, we tested whether the occurrence of the pre-alternate molt was positively associated with proxies for sexual selection (sexual selection hypothesis) and non-sexual social selection (social selection hypothesis) and with factors related to feather wear (feather wear hypothesis) and time constraints on the pre-basic molt (time constraints hypothesis). We found that the pre-alternate molt was more frequent in migratory and less gregarious species inhabiting open/xeric habitats and feeding on the wing, and marginally more frequent in species with strong sexual selection and those showing a winter territorial behavior. Moreover, an increase in migratory behavior and sexual selection intensity preceded the acquisition of the pre-alternate molt. These results provide support for the feather wear hypothesis, partial support for the sexual selection and time constraints hypotheses, and no support for the social selection hypothesis.</span></p>
Supplementary Material for the Paper "Optimizing Workday Planning Based on Time and Productivity Constraints"
<p>This repository contains the (anonymized) supplementary material for our paper. This includes the survey questions we asked, as well as a video and screenshots of DayO.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong>: Planning one’s workday was shown to be positively related to increased control of time, work and life satisfaction, and<br> performance. However, planning for an efficient workday is challenging, due to the high complexity of tasks that knowledge<br> workers have to perform and the many constraints that influence their plan. Few planning tools actively support users with the task scheduling process, but they do not take into account these time and productivity constraints. Hence, we have devised an automated task scheduling approach that recommends an optimized workday plan, by considering constraints such as task characteristics (e.g., difficulty, deadline, importance), scheduled appointments, the current stress level and sleep quality from the previous night. A preliminary analysis of the approach, using DayO as a technology probe in situ, showed that participants found the idea<br> very promising, but a real-world application would additionally require further support to reduce the cognitive burden of planning and would let users to adapt their schedules interactively, when constraints change throughout a workday.</p>
13 New Instances for the Mixed Capacitated Arc Routing Problem with Intermediate Facilities under Time Constraints (MCARPTIF) (Road Cleaning Problem)
<p><strong>Dataset Overview</strong></p> <p>This dataset includes 13 instances specifically designed for evaluating the performance of vehicle routing algorithms in road cleaning problems. Existing benchmark instances in the literature predominantly focus on waste collection applications, which are not directly suitable for testing the unique characteristics of the road cleaning problem addressed in this study. To fill this gap, we have utilized a real-world dataset from the city of Zibo and a synthetic dataset modeled after the well-known lpr dataset.</p> <p><strong>1. Zibo Road Cleaning Dataset (zb)</strong></p> <p>The Zibo dataset (zb) represents a portion of the actual road network in Zibo, consisting of three depots, 319 nodes, and 962 arcs. We partitioned this road network into three sub-networks—zb1, zb2, and zb3—based on the distance between the arcs and depots, as well as the operational capabilities of the fleet. This transformation allowed us to treat the problem as a single-depot problem for each sub-network. The zb dataset serves as a realistic benchmark for the road cleaning problem.</p> <p><strong>2. lpr-rc Dataset</strong></p> <p>To further test the heuristics, we generated the lpr-rc dataset using a generation method inspired by the lpr dataset (Belenguer et al., 2006). The lpr-rc dataset consists of ten instances (labeled lpr-rc-1 to lpr-rc-10) of varying sizes, with nodes ranging from 27 to 268 and arcs ranging from 88 to 952. Each instance features a depot fixed in the top-left corner of the road network. Infrastructure facilities (IFs), including sewage disposal stations and water replenishment stations, are uniformly distributed across the network. The number of IFs is scaled based on the network size, adding complexity to the routing tasks.</p> <p><strong>Dataset Format</strong></p> <p>The dataset is provided in Excel format, with each instance containing two sheets:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Road Network</strong>: This sheet includes the unique road segment codes, the codes for the endpoints of each road segment, and the latitude and longitude coordinates for these points. Both road segment codes and endpoint codes are unique identifiers.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Intermediate Facilities (IFs)</strong>: This sheet provides the unique codes for each facility and their respective latitude and longitude coordinates. The facilities represent points where vehicles can perform water replenishment or sewage disposal.</p> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Vehicle Fleet Information</strong></p> <p>While the dataset does not impose specific vehicle parameters, it is designed to support the use of heterogeneous fleets. The following information describes a typical fleet of medium-sized mechanized cleaning vehicles, which we used in our study:</p> <ul> <li>The fleet is homogeneous, and we define the following parameters: <ul> <li>Q_w: Freshwater tank capacity = 8000 L</li> <li>Q_s: Sewage tank capacity = 2000 L</li> <li>R_w: Freshwater consumption rate = 83.33 L/min</li> <li>R_s: Sewage collection rate = 22.22 L/min</li> <li>\lambda_w: Duration for water replenishment at IFs = 0.25 h</li> <li>\lambda_s: Duration for sewage disposal at IFs = 0.16 h</li> <li>V_w: Service speed = 10 km/h</li> <li>V_d: Dead-heading speed (traveling without service) = 30 km/h</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>This fleet configuration enables a realistic simulation of road cleaning operations and can be adjusted based on real-world vehicle specifications as needed.</p> <p><strong>Availability</strong></p> <p>The 13 instances, including the zb and lpr-rc datasets, are now publicly available on Zenodo. These instances are designed to facilitate further research in road cleaning and related vehicle routing problems.</p> <p><strong>Reference</strong></p> <p>Belenguer, J.M., Benavent, E., Lacomme, P., Prins, C., 2006. Lower and upper bounds for the mixed capacitated arc routing problem. Computers & Operations Research 33, 3363–3383. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2005.02.009.</p>
Paleomagnetic Constraints on the Timing of Alteration Associated with the Emplacement of the Leqingla Pb-Zn Deposit, South Tibet, China
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Data from: Cannibalism and activity rate in larval damselflies increase along a latitudinal gradient as a consequence of time constraints
Background: Predation is ubiquitous in nature. One form of predation is cannibalism, which is affected by many factors such as size structure and resource density. However, cannibalism may also be influenced by abiotic factors such as seasonal time constraints. Since time constraints are greater at high latitudes, cannibalism could be stronger at such latitudes, but we know next to nothing about latitudinal variation in cannibalism. In this study, we examined cannibalism and activity in larvae of the damselfly Lestes sponsa along a latitudinal gradient across Europe. We did this by raising larvae from the egg stage at different temperatures and photoperiods corresponding to different latitudes. Results: We found that the more seasonally time-constrained populations in northern latitudes and individuals subjected to greater seasonal time constraints exhibited a higher level of cannibalism. We also found that activity was higher at north latitude conditions, and thus correlated with cannibalism, suggesting that this behaviour mediates higher levels of cannibalism in time-constrained animals. Conclusions: Our results go counter to the classical latitude-predation pattern which predicts higher predation at lower latitudes, since we found that predation was stronger at higher latitudes. The differences in cannibalism might have implications for population dynamics along the latitudinal gradients, but further experiments are needed to explore this.
Data from: Clock gene evolution: seasonal timing, phylogenetic signal, or functional constraint?
Genetic determinants of seasonal reproduction are not fully understood, but may be important predictors of organism responses to climate change. We used a comparative approach to study the evolution of seasonal timing within a fish community in a natural common garden setting. We tested the hypothesis that allelic length variation in the PolyQ domain of a circadian rhythm gene, Clock1a, corresponded to interspecific differences in seasonal reproductive timing across five native and one introduced cyprinid fishes (n = 425 individuals) that co-occur in the Rio Grande, New Mexico, USA. Most common allele lengths were longer in native species that initiated reproduction earlier (Spearman's r = -0.70, p = 0.23). Clock1a allele length exhibited strong phylogenetic signal and earlier spawners were evolutionarily derived. Aside from length variation in Clock1a, all other amino acids were identical across native species, suggesting functional constraint over evolutionary time. Interestingly, the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) exhibited less allelic variation in Clock1a and observed heterozygosity was 2- to 6-fold lower than the five other (non-imperiled) species. Reduced genetic variation in this functionally important gene may impede this species' capacity to respond to ongoing environmental change.
Analyzing time-energy constraints to understand the links between environmental change and local extinctions in terrestrial ectotherms
<p>Accelerated extinction rates have prompted an increased focus on the interplay between environmental change and species response. The effects of environmental change on thermal opportunity are typically considered through a climate change context. However, habitat alteration can also have strong effects on the thermal environment. Additionally, habitat alteration is considered a leading factor of species extinction, yet few studies address the influence of habitat alteration on thermal opportunity and time-energy budgets in at-risk species. Here we show the strong effects that habitat degradation can have on thermal opportunity, time energy-budgets, and life history demographics of local populations. In the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas, woody vegetation encroachment has resulted in a shift in life history traits that appears to play an important role in recent extirpations of Eastern Collared Lizards (<i>Crotaphytus collaris</i>). Populations in degraded habitats experienced a decline in thermal opportunity and less time-at-body temperatures (time-at-<i>Tb</i>) suitable for digestion compared to those in intact habitats. We used our data to model the effect of reduced time-at-<i>Tb</i> on the net assimilated energy available for growth and reproduction. Our model predicts a ca. 46% decline in annual fecundity of individuals – which is similar to empirical observations of reproduction of <i>C. collaris</i> populations in degraded habitats (~49%). We conclude that <i>C. collaris</i> in degraded habitats experienced reduced growth and reproduction primarily as a result of constrained thermal opportunity leading to a decline in digestive processing rates. Our study applies an under-appreciated approach to identify the biophysical and time-energy effects of habitat alteration.</p>
Phanerozoic tectonic and sedimentation history of the Arctic: constraints from deep-time low-temperature thermochronology data of Ellesmere Island and Northwest Greenland
<p>We present thermochronology and geochronology data from basement and (meta-)sedimentary samples collected on Ellesmere Island (Canadian High Arctic) and Northwest Greenland. The interpretations of our data are described and discussed in a paper in the journal Tectonics, titled “Phanerozoic tectonic and sedimentation history of the Arctic: constraints from deep-time low-temperature thermochronology data of Ellesmere Island and Northwest Greenland”. Our data include apatite fission track analyses, apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He analyses, and U-Pb analyses of detrital zircons. The data were used for inverse Monte Carlo simulations for obtaining time-temperature histories. We include descriptions of the analytical details related to the measurements, tests for potential effects of radiation damage on the (U-Th-Sm)/He age distributions, and we display the results of the Monte Carlo simulations for the individual samples. Our data set comprises a table summarizing constraints and specific parameters used for simulations (Table S1, summary input modelling), a table displaying the results of the simulations (Table S2, summary outcome thermal history inversions), a table displaying calculations of modelled overburden (Table S3, calculation of net burial and exhumation), a table summarizing the results of apatite fission track data, followed by several tables with the single-grain age and length data of fission track analyses (Table S4), a table with the detailed results of apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (Table S5), a table with single-grain zircon U-Pb data (Table S6), and a table with the results of statistical analysis for distinguishing individual age groups from the detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions (Table S7).</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.