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157 results for “time to flowering”

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dryad36/100

Integrating floral trait and flowering time distribution patterns help reveal a more dynamic nature of co-flowering community assembly processes

Species' floral traits and flowering times are known to be the major drivers of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions in diverse co-flowering communities. However, their simultaneous role in mediating plant community assembly and plant-pollinator interactions is still poorly understood. Since not all species flower at the same time, inference of facilitative and competitive interactions based on floral trait distribution patterns should account for fine phenological structure (intensity of flowering overlap) within co-flowering communities. Such an approach may also help reveal the simultaneous action of competitive and facilitative interactions in structuring co-flowering communities. Here we used modularity within a co-flowering network context, as a novel approach to detect convergent and/or over-dispersed patterns in floral trait distribution and pollinator sharing. Specifically, we evaluate differences in floral trait and pollinator distribution patterns within (high temporal flowering overlap) and among co-flowering modules (low temporal flowering overlap). We further evaluate the consistency of observed floral trait and pollinator sharing distribution patterns across space (three geographic regions) and time (dry and rainy seasons). We found that floral trait similarity was significantly higher in plant species within co-flowering modules than in species among them. This suggests pollinator facilitation may lead to floral trait convergence, but only within co-flowering modules. However, our results also revealed seasonal and spatial shifts in the underlying interactions (facilitation or competition) driving co-flowering assembly, suggesting that the prevalent dominant interactions are not static. Synthesis: Overall, we provide strong evidence showing that the use of flowering time and floral trait distribution alone may be insufficient to fully uncover the role of pollinator-mediated interactions in community assembly. Integrating this information along with patterns of pollinator sharing will greatly help reveal the simultaneous action of facilitative and competitive pollinator-mediated interactions in co-flowering communities. The spatial and temporal variation in flowering and trait distribution patterns observed further emphasize the importance of adopting a more dynamic view of community assembly processes.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Climate warming prolongs the time interval between leaf-out and flowering in temperate trees: effects of chilling, forcing and photoperiod

1. Leaf-out and flowering are two key phenological events of plants, denoting the respective onsets of visible vegetative growth and reproduction during the year. For each species, the schedule of vegetative growth and reproduction is crucial to the maximization of its fitness. Warming-induced advances of leaf-out and flowering have been reported frequently, however, it is unclear whether the responses of the two events are equal for any given species. 2. Using long-term phenological records in Europe, we examined simultaneously the responses of both leaf-out and flowering of four common temperate tree species to climate warming and further examined the effects of winter chilling, spring forcing and photoperiod on the responses of the two events. 3. We found that regardless whether flowering or leaf-out occurred first, the first event advanced more than the second during 1950 – 2013, resulting in a prolonged time interval between the two events. The temporal changes were also supported by a similar geographical trend that the time interval between the two events increased from cold to warm sites. Due to the warming-induced reduction in chilling, the spring forcing accumulated until the second event was increased more than the forcing accumulated until the first event, and that reduced the temperature sensitivity of the second event. In addition to the effect of chilling, the shorter photoperiod, associated with the advanced spring phenology, was also likely to substantially increase the spring forcing accumulated until the second event, which thus slowed down its advance, compared to the advance of the first event. The relative contributions of chilling and photoperiod to the increased forcing varied between species and events, with chilling mostly outweighing photoperiod. 4. Synthesis. This study provides the large-scale empirical evidence of prolonged time interval between leaf-out and flowering with climate warming. The unequal advances of the two events may alter the partition of resources between vegetative growth and reproduction and cause different changes of spring frost damage to vegetative and reproductive tissues, which may alter species fitness and further affect ecosystem structure and function.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

dryad36/100

The timing of leaf senescence relates to flowering phenology and functional traits in 17 herbaceous species along elevational gradients

1. Leaf senescence is a major event in a plant's life history as autumn marks the end of the growing season. The optimal timing of leaf senescence is crucial to both, minimize risks of low temperature events and maximize carbon gain during the growing season. As abiotic conditions are currently changing at unprecedented rates, it is important to study how leaf senescence of different species is responding to these changes in order to forecast future growing season length and carbon sequestration potentials. In contrast to flowering phenology, data on autumn events is scarce and even more so for herbaceous than for woody plants, thus more information on this phenological stage is urgently needed. 2. We studied leaf senescence of 632 populations from 17 herbaceous species located along elevational gradients. We focussed on the beginning (5% of the population senesce, LS5) and peak (50% senesce, LS50) of leaf senescence. To see whether we can predict species-specific changes, we studied the link between LS5 and LS50 and flowering phenology as well as leaf functional traits related to plant performance. We looked at first and last flowering day and flowering duration as well as the traits specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, area based leaf nitrogen and carbon content, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), and the stomatal pore area index. 3. We found species-specific slopes of the beginning of leaf senescence along the elevational gradient. The peak of leaf senescence was uniformly delayed with increasing elevation across all species. Flowering phenology as well as leaf functional traits had a close relationship with leaf senescence and thus can be used to forecast species-specific responses to changes in abiotic conditions. High SLA and high leaf nitrogen were related to earlier senescence while high LDMC, high Δ13C and high SPI to later senescence. 4. Synthesis: The link between senescence, flowering phenology and plant functional traits will help to fine-tune predictions of future growing season length and ecosystem function. To date, most analyses are based on spring phenology and traits, for which data is more abundant than data on autumn senescence.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

dryad36/100

Genetic architecture and adaptation of flowering time among environments

1. The genetic basis of flowering time changes across environments, and pleiotropy may limit adaptive evolution of populations in response to local conditions. However, little is known about how genetic architecture changes among environments. 2. We used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Boechera stricta (Graham) Al-Shehbaz, a relative of Arabidopsis, to examine flowering variation among environments and associations with climate conditions in home environments. Also, we used molecular population genetics to search for evidence of historical natural selection. 3. GWAS found 47 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence flowering time in one or more environments, control plastic changes in phenology between experiments, or show associations with climate in sites of origin. Genetic architecture of flowering varied substantially among environments. We found that some pairs of QTLs showed similar patterns of pleiotropy across environments. A large-effect QTL showed molecular signatures of adaptive evolution and is associated with climate in home environments. The derived allele at this locus causes later flowering and predominates in sites with greater water availability. 4. This work shows that GWAS of climate associations and ecologically important traits across diverse environments can be combined with molecular signatures of natural selection to elucidate ecological genetics of adaptive evolution.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Influence of range position on locally adaptive gene-environment associations in Populus flowering time genes

Local adaptation is pervasive in forest trees, which are characterized by large effective population sizes spanning broad climatic gradients. In addition to having relatively contiguous populations, many species also form isolated populations along the rear edge of their range. These rear-edge populations may contain unique adaptive diversity reflecting a history of selection in marginal environments. Thus, discovering genomic regions conferring local adaptation in rear edge populations is a key priority for landscape genomics to ensure conservation of genetic resources under climate change. Here, we report on adaptive gene-environment associations in SNPs from 27 genes in the Populus flowering time gene network, analyzed on a range-wide collection of >1000 balsam poplar trees, including dense sampling of the southern range edge. We use a combined approach of local adaptation scans to identify candidate SNPs, followed by modeling the compositional turnover of adaptive SNPs along multivariate climate gradients using Gradient Forests (GF). Flowering time candidate genes contained extensive evidence of climate adaptation, namely outlier population structure and gene-environment associations, along with allele frequency divergence between the core and edge of the range. GF showed strong allele frequency turnover along gradients of elevation and diurnal temperature variability, as well as threshold responses to summer temperature and precipitation, with turnover especially strong in edge populations that occur at high elevation but southerly latitudes. We discuss these results in light of how climate may disrupt locally adaptivegene-environment relationships, and suggest that rear edge populations hold climate-adaptive variants that should be targeted for conservation.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

zenodo36/100

QTL script and VCF files - GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF FLOWERING-TIME VARIATION IN BRACHYPODIUM DISTACHYON

Supplemental data for the article: GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF FLOWERING-TIME VARIATION IN BRACHYPODIUM DISTACHYON (Woods et al., 2016). Supplemental data includes: <ul> <li> A folder named “Data”, which contains: <ol> <li> Raw genotypic data. Data showing the parental genotype in a RIL population (F7; Bd21 X Bd1-1) </li> <li> Raw phenotypic data. Flowering time (leaves and days to flowering) of the RIL population in different growth environments. </li> <li> The genetic map (see material and methods section of Woods et al., 2016 for additional information). </li> <li> Gene positions. A file containing the position of annotated genes on the Brachypodium distachyon genome V2.1. Data from Phytozome (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html). </li> </ol> </li> <li> The R script used for the QTL analysis (Final_script.R). </li> <li> VCF files of the loci of interest. A folder called “VCF” includes the VCF files of the genes presented in Fig. 6  (VRN1, PHYC, VRN2, and FD).  </li> </ul>

opencc-zeroSep 2016View details →

dryad36/100

Switchgrass flowering time measurements for genomic prediction

The seasonal timing of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth has a major impact on biomass accumulation in switchgrass. Late-flowering switchgrass cultivars produce greater biomass, a critical trait for sustainable bioenergy production. Genomic prediction (GP) may allow rapid selection of late-flowering individuals with reduced time and expense for field evaluations. To evaluate GP, two flowering time traits (heading date and anthesis date) were collected on 1,532 genotypes from four breeding populations: Midwest, Gulf, Atlantic, and Hybrid. These were sequenced using genotype-by-sequencing (530,792 SNPs). Predictive ability of single-trait and multi-trait models were evaluated by cross-validation, by prediction of a progeny trial (n=122), and through prediction of yield performance in a parallel experiment (n=52). Predictive ability was not improved by sharing information among breeding groups. Overall, multi-trait models provided an advantage during cross-validation, but a smaller advantage during progeny prediction. Within populations, GP resulted in lower per-cycle progress than previously reported field evaluations (3.1 vs 5.0 day-1 cycle-1). However, GP cycles are potentially much faster than field evaluations. When directly predicting biomass yield, the Hybrid training population had a predictive ability of 0.54-0.63. This reinforces the strong linkage between biomass yields in swards and flowering time. These results highlight the value of GP for rapid yield improvement in switchgrass, particularly in a breeding program designed to share information between biomass yield trials and low-cost flowering time evaluations.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Expression data of the flowering time genes in chickpea, extracted from Ridge et al. (2017). Plant Physiology 175, 802-815.

This data is supplementary to the following paper: Gursky, V.V., Kozlov, K.N., Nuzhdin, S.V., and Samsonova, M.G. (2018) Dynamical Modeling of the Core Gene Network Controlling Flowering Suggests Cumulative Activation from the FLOWERING LOCUS T Gene Homologs in Chickpea. Frontiers in Genetics. 9:547. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00547 The data was obtained by digitizing Figure 5 of the following paper: Ridge, S., Deokar, A., Lee, R., Daba, K., Macknight, R. C., Weller, J. L., and Tar'an, B. (2017). The chickpea Early flowering 1 (Efl1) locus is an ortholog of arabidopsis ELF3. Plant Physiology 175, 802-815. doi:10.1104/pp.17.00082 The archive contains files (in csv format) with the expression data of each of the following ten genes: FTa1, FTa2, FTa3, FTb, FTc, AP1, FD, TFL1a, TFL1c, and LFY, for the cultivars CDC Frontier and ICCV 96029 and for two growth conditions (long day, LD, and short day, SD). Each file is named according to the following scheme: <Gene name>_<Cultivar name>_<Growth conditions>.csv. Each file contains values in the following three columns (separated by commas): time (in days after sowing), relative transcription level (%ACTIN), and standard error. In the case of the genes AP1, FD, TFL1a, TFL1c, and LFY, the standard error was assumed equal to the size of the points in the figure when the actual error range was smaller than that size (and, thus, not visible in the figure). In the case of the genes FTa1, FTa2, FTa3, FTb, and FTc, the standard error was recorded as 0 for such points (the error for these genes was not used in the study). The data was extracted with the help of the web-based tool WebPlotDigitizer (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2018View details →

dryad36/100

Does the effect of flowering time on biomass allocation across latitude differ between invasive and native salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora?

Parallel latitudinal clines in flowering time have been documented in both the invasive and native ranges of plants. Furthermore, flowering time has been found to affect biomass at maturity. Therefore, understanding how these flowering times affect biomass accumulation across latitude is essential to understanding plant adaptations and distributions. We investigated and compared trends in first flowering day (FFD), aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) and BGB:AGB ratio of the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora along latitudinal gradients from the invasive (China, 19-40o N) and native range (United States, 27-43o N) in a greenhouse common garden experiment, and tested whether FFD would drive these divergences between invasive and native ranges. The invasive populations produced more (~20%, ~19%) AGB and BGB than native populations, but there were no significant differences in the FFD and BGB:AGB ratio. We found significant parallel latitudinal clines in FFD in both invasive and native ranges. In addition, the BGB:AGB ratio was negatively correlated with the FFD in both the invasive and native ranges but non-significant in invasive populations. In contrast, AGB and BGB increased with latitude in the invasive range, but declined with latitude in the native range. Most interestingly, we found AGB and BGB positively correlated with the FFD in the native range, but no significant relationships in the invasive range. Our results indirectly support the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis (EICA) that S. alterniflora has evolved to produce greater AGB and BGB in China, and climatic conditions in the native might select for a flowering and allocation pattern is maintained in the invasive range. Our results also suggest that invasive S. alterniflora in China is not constrained by the trade-off of earlier flowering with smaller size, and that flowering time has played an important role on biomass allocation across latitude.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Bumblebee flower constancy and pollen diversity over time

Bees often focus their foraging effort on a few or even a single flower species, even if other equally rewarding flower species are present. Although this phenomenon – called flower constancy – has been widely documented during single foraging trips, it is largely unknown if the behavior persists over longer time periods, especially under field conditions with large spatial and temporal variation of resources. We investigated the pollen diet of individuals from nine different Bombus terrestris colonies up to six weeks, placed at either 0, 300 or 1000 m from nearest autumn sown oilseed rape. Adjacency to oilseed rape affected constancy, with a higher flower constancy in colonies far from fields. Overall, 23 % of the pollen foraging trips were flower constant, and the fraction of constant pollen loads did not change over time, although repeatedly sampled individuals that were flower constant once often showed different preferences at other sampling occasions, and the similarity between pollen loads collected by the same individuals dropped over time. This suggests that flower constancy and other learnt foraging strategies likely change in response to shifting floral resources. How rapidly it changes in response to changing resources, and if this differs between species as well as within species depending on e.g. size, should be the focus of future research. The average diversity of pollen from single foraging trips was around 3 pollen types, and we found indications of resource partitioning within the colonies resulting in higher colony-level pollen diversity. Keywords: flower fidelity, Bombus, foraging, seasonal shift, foraging preferences, Brassica napus.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

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