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Fig. 4 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 4. Lower plant (reed?) stems in siltstone-sandstone slabs from of the middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, Martel Inlet Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, slab ZPAL Tf.8/2007.20. A. Lower bedding-plane view with cross section of the stems (arrows) and needle-like plant detritus shallowly buried in the bed. B. Cross section of the stem in thin section showing sand-filled interior and carbonized, ribbed wall. C. Cross section of the bed with oblique stem, whose surface is carbonized. D. Cross section of a bed showing a fragment of stem with longitudinal ribbing.

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Fig. 2 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 2. Location of plant and trace fossil collection area as seen from Martel Inlet, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Photograph by AG, January 2007.

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Fig. 10 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 10. Recent traces (A–C) of the caddisfly larvae Philopotamus montanus (Donovan, 1813) (D), Lejowa Valley, Tatra Mountains, southern Poland.

Fig. 3 in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 3. Holotype (INGUJ 200P11) of allegedly upogebiid trace fossil Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. Scale bar 100 mm.

Fig. 4. Allegedly upogebiid Y in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 4. Allegedly upogebiid Y−shaped trace fossil Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. (specimens left in the field) from Early Pleistocene of Italy. A. Specimen P1070182 (numbering from the field photograph collection). B. Specimen P1070193. C. Specimen P1070194. D. Specimen P1070196. Scale bars 50 mm.

Fig. 6 in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 6. Trace fossils associated with Parmaichnus stironensis. They penetrate from the discontinuity surface in the Quaternary sediments of the Stirone section. A–C. Thalassinoides cf. paradoxicus (Woodward, 1830). D. Pyritised tube indicated by arrow.

Fig. 5. Different Y in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 5. Different Y−shaped trace fossils (B, D, G, U) and Recent burrows compared to Parmaichnus stironensis (P–S). Redrawn from photographs. A. After Seike and Nara (2007: fig. 3c). B. Holotype of Psilonichnus upsilon, Hanna Bay, San Salvador, Bahamas, from AU photograph. C. After Bruce (1987: fig. 6). D. After Fürsich (1981: pl. 3: 2). E. After Curran and Frey (1977: pl. 1e). F. After Frey (1968: text−fig. 1). G. After Seilacher (1990: fig. 5D). H. After Dworschak (2004: fig. 2B); arrows point the turning chambers. I. After Swinbanks and Luternauer (1987: fig. 2.1). J. After Ott et al. (1976: pl. 1: 2). K. After Ott et al. (1976: pl. 1: 3). L. After Dworschak et al. (2006: fig. 1A). M. After Nash et al. (1984: pl. 2a); see also Bromley (1996: fig. 4.32). N. After Curran and Martin (2003: fig. 6). O. After Asgaard et al. (1997: fig. 6). P–S. Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. P. Holotype, ING UJ 200P11, see also Fig. 3. Q. P1070193, see also Fig. 4B. R. P1070182, see also Fig. 4A. S. P1070196, see also Fig. 4D. T. After Atkinson and Taylor (1991: fig. 1f). U. Psilonichnus tubiformis, after Fürsich (1981: pl. 1: 1).

Fig. 2 in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 2. View of the Early Pleistocene part of the Stirone section (about 90 m), with the distinct unconformity in the middle (pointed by arrow) separating silts covered by sands.

Fig. 1. Location map and the geological section. A in A new Y-shaped trace fossil attributed to upogebiid crustaceans from Early Pleistocene of Italy

Fig. 1. Location map and the geological section. A. The study region on the map of Italy. B. Location of the study area. C. Location of the studied section. D. The studied section with indication of Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov.

Fig. 4 in Paleobiology of the crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica in the Miocene of southeastern Spain

Fig. 4. Interpretative reconstruction of a Spongeliomorpha iberica burrow system. The morphology of the apertures is not known, here they are shown as a simple vertical shaft. Inset shows the bioglyph pattern with "Y"−shaped and transverse scratch marks.

Fig. 2. Crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica Saporta, 1887 in Paleobiology of the crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica in the Miocene of southeastern Spain

Fig. 2. Crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica Saporta, 1887 from the Miocene of La Muela de Maraón, Spain. A, B. Field sketches of burrow systems as seen in the sole of the limestone units. C. Sole of a limestone unit displaying a high density of burrows. D. Burrows penetrating into the underlying marls.

Fig. 3. Crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica Saporta, 1887 in Paleobiology of the crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica in the Miocene of southeastern Spain

Fig. 3. Crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica Saporta, 1887 from the Miocene of La Muela de Maraón, Spain. A. Field photograph showing a typical burrow termination with multiple acuminate blind tunnels. B. Tunnel displaying the characteristic rhomboidal bioglyph and an enlargement or alcove (UB−IC522). C. Specimen with a "Y"−branching point (UB−IC533). D. Burrow with strongly marked rhomboidal bioglyphs and less impressed transverse scratch marks in the lower part (UB−IC530). E. Specimen with thick Y−shaped and thin transverse bioglyphs (UUIC−2089)). F. Plasticine cast of a burrow displaying how the rhomboidal bioglyph is constituted by "Y"−shaped individual marks (UB−IC194. G. Detail of a burrow termination with two blind tunnels and exhibiting both types of scratch marks (UB−IC520).

Fig. 1 in Paleobiology of the crustacean trace fossil Spongeliomorpha iberica in the Miocene of southeastern Spain

Fig. 1. Geological setting of the study area. A. Geological map of the Betic Cordillera, modified from Sanz de Galdeano and Vera (1992). B. Geological map of the Muela de Maraón sector, modified from Jerez Mir et al. (1974) and Loiseau et al. (1990).

FIGURE 5 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 5. Macroscopic and microscopic and SEM observations of Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) occurring in turbiditic sandstones of the Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene), Słopnice, Poland (1, 4-8) and turbiditic marls of the Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Italy (2, 3): 1, specimen with elevated edges and bent down roof as seen on upper bedding surface (INGUJ144P195); 2, 3, depressions of pellets in the burrow margin after pellets have been partly or completely removed (INGUJ196P36 and 38); 4, photomicrograph of transverse cross-section; note deformed laminae above the collapsed burrow; 5, 6, burrow margin showing depressions of pellets that have been removed by weathering; 7, part of split pellets in place consisting of clay minerals and siliciclastic silt grains; 8, outer part of a split pellet showing platy minerals oriented ±parallel to surface.

FIGURE 4 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 4. Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) on the lower bedding surfaces (1-3) of and in longitudinal (4) and transverse (5-10) cross-sections of turbiditic sandstones from the Inoceramian Beds (Upper-Cretaceous-Paleocene) at Słopnice: 1, note external and internal parts INGUJ144P176; 2, note sandy mantle covering the pelleted part, INGUJ144P193a, 3, note wrinkles on the mantle, INGUJ144P187a; 4, longitudinal cross section (Tr), INGUJ144P193; 5-10, transverse sections, E – INGUJ144P182d, F – INGUJ144P180, G – INGUJ144P192b, H – INGUJ144P170a, I – INGUJ144P190, J – INGUJ144P192c, K – INGUJ144P192.

FIGURE 3 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 3. Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) on upper bedding surfaces from different formations: 1, on the upper surface of turbiditic marl with Chondrites intricatus (Chi), Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Cabella Ligure, Northern Apennines, Italy, field photograph; 2, curved example of T. rectum (Tr), Scolicia isp. (Sc) and Phycosiphon incertum (Ph), Ropianka Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Wara, Skole Nappe, Carpathians, Poland, UJTF 1426, Książkiewicz collection; 3, several specimens of T. rectum (Tr), some cross cut by Chondrites intricatus (Chi), Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Cabella Ligure, Northern Apennines, Italy, field photograph; 4, specimen with two (1, 2) superimposed pellet pavements. Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene), Słopnice, INGUJ144P190a; 5; specimens with elevated edges and collapsed roof, Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene), Słopnice, INGUJ144P140; 6, example of spindle-shaped burrow enlargement, Pagliaro Formation (Paleocene), Cabella Ligure, Northern Apennines, Italy, field photograph; 7, T. rectum cut by Ophiomorpha annulata (Oa), Inoceramian Beds (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene), Słopnice, INGUJ143P66.

FIGURE 6 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 6. Short sections showing position of Tubulichnium rectum and associated traces fossils in strata of the Ropianka Formation (Inoceramian Beds) at Słopnice, Magura Nappe, Carpathians, Poland. GPS coordinates: section A: 49°42.982'N, 020°20.448'E; section B: 49°42.974'N, 20°20.453'E, section C: 49°42.610'N, 20°20.687'E.

FIGURE 7 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 7. Stratigraphic range of Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) and number of formations per stage in which it occurs.

FIGURE 1 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 1. Location maps: 1, a part of Europe with main localities of the material studied and indication of the main study area in the Polish Carpathians; 2, the main study area in the Polish Carpathians with indication of several localities of the material studied or reported occurrences of Tubulichnium rectum.

FIGURE 2 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 2. Holotype of Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) and some other key specimens described by Fischer-Ooster (1858) and Książkiewicz (1977), which are housed in the Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern (NMBE) in Switzerland and in the Nature Education Centre of the Jagiellonian University – Museum of Geology, Kraków, Poland, respectively: 1, holotype, originally Halymenites rectus Fischer-Ooster and Chondrites targionii (Cht), Gurnigel Flysch (Maastrichtian), Seeligraben near Gurnigelbad (Switzerland), specimen NMBE 5017471. Detail illustrated in 2 marked by the quadrangle; 2, detail of 1; 3, original of Halymenites minor Fischer-Ooster, 1858 and Chondrites intricatus (Chi) from Gurnigel Flysch (Maastrichtian), Seeligraben near Gurnigelbad (Switzerland), specimen NMBE 5017474; 4, original of Halymenites incrassatus Fischer-Ooster, 1858, Fähnernspitz, Upper Cretaceous, E Switzerland, specimen NMBE 5017470; 5, holotype of Tubulichnium incertum Książkiewicz, 1977 (yellow arrow), other specimen of the same ichnotaxon (Tr) and Scolicia vertebralis (Sv); Ropianka Formation (Inoceramian Beds), Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene, Bachów, Skole Nappe, specimen UJTF 938; 6, detail of 5 showing the holotype.