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224 results for “tradeoffs”
A distinct neurogenomic response to a tradeoff between social challenge and opportunity in male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
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A tradeoff between robustness to environmental fluctuations and speed of evolution
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Tradeoffs and benefits explain scaling, sex differences, and seasonal oscillations in the remarkable weapons of snapping shrimp (Alpheus spp.)
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Data from: Emergence of a resource acquisition tradeoff at the community scale during environmental change
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Grow fast but don’t die young: maternal effects mediate life-history tradeoffs of lizards under climate warming
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Chemical-genetic interrogation of RNA polymerase mutants reveals structure-function relationships and physiological tradeoffs
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Data from: Tradeoffs with growth limit host range in complex life cycle helminths
Parasitic worms with complex life cycles have several developmental stages, with each stage creating opportunities to infect additional host species. Using a dataset for 973 species of trophically transmitted acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes, we confirmed that worms with longer life cycles (i.e. more successive hosts) infect a greater diversity of host species and taxa (after controlling for study effort). Generalism at the stage level was highest for 'middle' life stages, the second and third intermediate hosts of long life cycles. By simulating life cycles in real food webs, we found that middle stages had more potential host species to infect, suggesting that opportunity constrains generalism. However, parasites usually infected fewer host species than expected from simulated cycles, suggesting generalism also has costs. There was no tradeoff in generalism from one stage to the next, but worms spent less time growing and developing in stages where they infected more taxonomically diverse hosts. Our results demonstrate that life cycle complexity favors high generalism, and host use across life stages is determined by both ecological opportunity and life history tradeoffs.
Data from: Cost of an elaborate trait: a tradeoff between attracting females and maintaining a clean ornament
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Many sexually selected ornaments and weapons are elaborations of an animal's outer body surface, including long feathers, colorful skin, and rigid outgrowths. The time and energy required to keep these traits clean, attractive, and in good condition for signaling may represent an important, but understudied cost of bearing a sexually selected trait. Male fiddler crabs possess an enlarged and brightly colored claw that is used both as a weapon to fight with rival males and also as an ornament to court females. Here, we demonstrate that males benefit from grooming because females prefer males with clean claws over dirty claws, but also that the time spent grooming detracts from the amount of time available for courting females. Males therefore face a temporal tradeoff between attracting the attention of females and maintaining a clean claw. Our study provides rare evidence of the importance of grooming for mediating sexual interactions in an invertebrate, indicating that sexual selection has likely shaped the evolution of self-maintenance behaviors across a broad range of taxa.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Tradeoffs affect the adaptive value of plasticity: Stronger cannibal-induced defenses incur greater costs in toad larvae
<p>Adaptive developmental plasticity allows individuals to match their phenotype with their environment, which can increase fitness where threats are inconsistently present. Because adaptive traits are not ubiquitously nor infinitely plastic, tradeoffs between benefits and costs or limits are theoretically necessary to constrain plastic responses. Systems in which extreme risk can be reliably detected are ideal for investigating mechanisms that constrain plasticity, as even costly responses may be adaptive where risk is severe. Cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>) are abundant in Australia and produce large clutches (frequently >10,000 eggs), but asynchronous breeding and rapid development result in variable larval densities within breeding pools. In the field, we found that cannibalism by older cohorts often reduces the survival of conspecific eggs and newly hatched pre-feeding larvae ("hatchlings") by >99%, as feeding larvae ("tadpoles") use chemical cues from the relatively immobile hatchlings to locate and consume them. After hatchlings become free-swimming, however, they are safe from cannibalism. Hatchlings can reduce this period of vulnerability by accelerating development when they detect conspecific tadpole cues. However, this developmental acceleration decreases initial tadpole mass, reduces subsequent survival, growth, and development, affects behavior, and compromises feeding structures. Reaction norms differ among clutches, and greater developmental acceleration is followed by greater impairment of larval function in plastic clutches, whereas nonresponsive clutches are unaffected by exposure to cannibal cues. More plastic clutches ultimately exhibit both poorer performance and greater variation among siblings in exposed and (to a lesser degree) control treatments. Variation among clutches in tadpole viability is driven by differences in plasticity rather than phenotype; fitness reductions are linked to developmental acceleration, not rapid development <em>per se</em>. Clutches with intrinsically slow pre-feeding developmental rates exhibit stronger acceleration (i.e., steeper reaction norms), but clutches with intrinsically rapid development reach invulnerable stages more quickly than those that accelerate development. As a result, high cannibalism risk may favor canalized rapid development rather than facultative developmental acceleration. Cannibalism plays an important role in the recruitment of this invasive species, and hatchling defenses against this threat demonstrate how the limits and tradeoffs associated with an inducible defense can favor canalized defenses over phenotypic plasticity.</p>
Data from: The genetic architecture of plant defense tradeoffs in a common monkeyflower
<p>Determining how adaptive combinations of traits arose requires understanding the prevalence and scope of genetic constraints. Frequently observed phenotypic correlations between plant growth, defenses, and/or reproductive timing have led researchers to suggest that pleiotropy or strong genetic linkage between variants affecting independent traits is pervasive. Alternatively, these correlations could arise via independent mutations in different genes for each trait and extensive correlational selection. Here we evaluate these alternatives by conducting a QTL mapping experiment involving a cross between two populations of common monkeyflower (<em>Mimulus guttatus</em>) that differ in growth rate as well as total concentration and arsenal composition of plant defense compounds, phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs). We find no evidence that pleiotropy underlies correlations between defense and growth rate. However, there is a strong genetic correlation between levels of total PPGs and flowering time that is largely attributable to a single shared QTL. While this result suggests a role for pleiotropy/close linkage, several other QTLs also contribute to variation in total PPGs. Additionally, divergent PPG arsenals are influenced by a number of smaller-effect QTLs that each underlie variation in one or two PPGs. This result indicates that chemical defense arsenals can be finely-adapted to biotic environments despite sharing a common biochemical precursor. Together, our results show correlations between defense and life history traits are influenced by pleiotropy or genetic linkage, but genetic constraints may have limited impact on future evolutionary responses, as a substantial proportion of variation in each trait is controlled by independent loci.</p>
Fitness costs of parasites explain multiple life history tradeoffs in a wild mammal
Reproduction in wild animals can divert limited resources away from immune defence, resulting in increased parasite burdens. A longstanding prediction of life history theory states that these parasites can harm the individual, reducing the organism's subsequent fitness and producing reproduction-fitness tradeoffs. Here, we examined associations among reproductive allocation, immunity, parasitism, and subsequent fitness in a wild population of individually identified red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). Using path analysis, we investigated whether costs of lactation for downstream survival and fecundity were mediated by changes in strongyle nematode count and mucosal antibody levels. Lactating females exhibited increased parasite counts, which were in turn associated with substantially decreased fitness in the following year in terms of overwinter survival, fecundity, subsequent calf weight, and parturition date. This study offers observational evidence for parasite regulation of multiple life history tradeoffs, supporting the role of parasites as an important mediating factor in wild mammal populations.
Quality-quantity tradeoffs drive functional trait evolution in a model microalgal "climate change winner"
<p>Phytoplankton are the unicellular photosynthetic microbes that form the base of aquatic ecosystems, and their responses to global change will impact everything from food web dynamics to global nutrient cycles. Some taxa respond to environmental change by increasing population growth rates in the short-term, and are projected to increase in frequency over decades. To gain insight into how these projected "climate change winners" evolve, we grew populations of microalgae in ameliorated environments for several hundred generations. Most populations evolved to allocate a smaller proportion of carbon to growth while increasing their ability to tolerate and metabolise reactive oxygen species (ROS). This tradeoff drives the evolution of traits that underlie the ecological and biogeochemical roles of phytoplankton. This offers evolutionary and a metabolic frameworks for understanding trait evolution in projected "climate change winners", and suggests that short-term population booms have the potential to be dampened or reversed when environmental amelioration persists.</p>
Data from: The demographic effects of functional traits: an integral projection model approach reveals population-level consequences of reproduction-defense tradeoffs
Quantitatively linking individual variation in functional traits to demography is a necessary step to advance our understanding of trait-based ecological processes. We constructed a population model for Asclepias syriaca to identify how functional traits affect vital rates and population growth and whether tradeoffs in chemical defense and demography alter population growth. Plants with higher foliar cardenolides had lower fiber, cellulose, and lignin levels, as well as decreased sexual and clonal reproduction. Average cardenolide concentrations had the strongest effect on population growth. In both the sexual and clonal pathway, the tradeoff between reproduction and defense affected population growth. We found that both increasing the mean of the distribution of individual plant values for cardenolides and herbivory decreased population growth. However, increasing the variance in both defense and herbivory increased population growth. Functional traits can impact population growth and quantifying individual-level variation in traits should be included in assessments of population-level processes.
Learning from dynamic traits: Seasonal shifts yield insights into ecophysiological tradeoffs across scales from macroevolutionary to intra-individual
<p><strong>Premise of the Research.</strong> Phylogenetic comparative methods provide a powerful approach for exploring the macroevolution of plant functional traits. Such approaches can uncover trait-trait correlations through evolutionary time, as well as provide evidence of the role of traits in adaptation across environmental gradients. For continuous traits, most phylogenetic comparative approaches to date employ a single trait value per species, often a mean of sampled individuals, or alternatively incorporate intraspecific variation as a distribution around such a mean. It has been known for quite some time that many of the most physiologically and ecologically important plant traits are actually highly plastic, changing dynamically across a growing season, with whole-plant development, or in response to environmental conditions. Here we demonstrate one possible approach to assessing the evolution of such dynamic traits, the use of function-valued phylogenetic comparative methods.<br> <strong>Methodology.</strong> Leaf traits were sampled across 25 taxa in the genus <em>Cornus</em> at six time points throughout the growing season in a common garden context, followed by contrasting sets of alternative analyses to demonstrate the consequences of researcher decisions on study conclusions.<br> <strong>Pivotal Results. </strong>The vast majority of assessed traits exhibit substantial seasonal shifts. These shifts cause traditional macroevolutionary correlations assessed at different sampling dates to yield conflicting results. Function-valued approaches indicate that seasonal shifts in many traits are evolutionarily correlated, with implications for the origin of trait-trait tradeoffs. Seasonal trait plasticity is also evolutionarily correlated with native habitat environmental gradients across <em>Cornus</em>.<br> <strong>Conclusions.</strong> Because a very large number of plant functional traits are not fixed, but vary dynamically over time or with environmental conditions, stronger insights into the evolution of plant functional traits can emerge when this dynamism is explicitly incorporated into phylogenetic comparative approaches. We encourage the adoption of such approaches, as well as the development of better tools for doing so.</p>
Data from: Local range boundaries versus large-scale tradeoffs: climatic and competitive constraints on tree growth
Species often respond to human‐caused climate change by shifting where they occur on the landscape. To anticipate these shifts, we need to understand the forces that determine where species currently occur. We tested whether a long‐hypothesised trade‐off between climate and competitive constraints explains where tree species grow on mountain slopes. Using tree rings, we reconstructed growth sensitivity to climate and competition in range centre and range margin tree populations in three climatically distinct regions. We found that climate often constrains growth at environmentally harsh elevational range boundaries, and that climatic and competitive constraints trade‐off at large spatial scales. However, there was less evidence that competition consistently constrained growth at benign elevational range boundaries; thus, local‐scale climate‐competition trade‐offs were infrequent. Our work underscores the difficulty of predicting local‐scale range dynamics, but suggests that the constraints on tree performance at a large‐scale (e.g. latitudinal) may be predicted from ecological theory.
Model output from historical and future scenarios related to 'Carbon Dioxide Removal: Tradeoffs and Lags'
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Data and code from: Climatic variation allows montane willows to escape an adaptive tradeoff
<p>This repository contains the data and R code needed to reproduce all results and figures from Rosenblad & Ackerly (2024) Climatic variation allows montane willows to escape an adaptive tradeoff. File descriptions are below.</p> <p>analysis.R contains all R code.</p> <p>cutting_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id, a unique identifier for each genetically distinct in situ parent plant, from which cuttings were collected and propagated; 2- cutting_id, which specifies replicate cuttings from each in situ parent plant; 3- diameter_mm, the initial diameter at the base of each cutting (in millimeters) immediately following collection; and 4- height_cm, the initial height of each cutting.</p> <p>freezing_resistance_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id_1 (see cutting_id above); 3- cutting_id_2, which specifies replicate greenhouse-grown twigs sampled from each greenhouse plant (specified by cutting_id_1); and 4- new_growth, a binary variable indicating whether each twig survived and grew roots following the freezing treatment.</p> <p>leaf_and_shoot_mass_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); 3- shoots_g, the dry mass of all leaves harvested from the greenhouse plant at the end of the growth experiment; and 4- leaves_g, the dry mass of all shoots harvested from the greenhouse plant at the end of the growth experiment.</p> <p>plant_id.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); and 2- site_id, a unique identifier for the provenance site of each plant.</p> <p>psi_tlp_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); 3- psi_tlp_mpa, the measured turgor loss point (in megapascals); and 4- collection_environment, a binary variable distinguishing greenhouse plants from in situ parent plants.</p> <p>root_mass_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); and 3- root_mass_g, the dry mass of roots for the given measurement. Some plants had too much root material to measure all at once, so these plants were split into multiple measurement batches, each of which receives a row in this CSV.</p> <p>S_lemmonii_GBIF.csv contains occurrence data of S. lemmonii from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. There are many fields. The important fields for this use case are decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude, the WGS 84 coordinates (EPSG 4326) of each observation. Information on the other fields is available at gbif.org.</p> <p>treatment.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); and 3-treatment, a binary variable indicating whether each greenhouse plant received the drought or control treatment during the growth experiment.</p> <p>fig1.png and other similarly named .png files are the figures in the paper. They can be re-generated by running analysis.R.</p> <p>aet_1981_2010_bcm.tif contains mean annual actual evapotranspiration data for the period 1981-2010 from the Basin Characterization Model.</p> <p>aprpck1981_2010_ave_HST_1641848708.tif, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contain mean April 1 snow water equivalent data for the period 1981-2010 from the Basin Characterization Model.</p> <p>ds542.shp, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contains a polygon outlining the Sierra Nevada ecoregion.</p> <p>KR_sites_WGS84.shp, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contain polygons of the provenance sites.</p> <p>tmn1981_2010may_ave_HST_1689800754.tif, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contain mean May minimum temperature data fro the period 1981-2010 from the Basin Characterization Model.</p>
Data from: indirect costs of reproduction and the tradeoff between offspring size and number: a framework illustrated by fitness costs and benefits of ovarian fluid
<p>Theory describing evolution of offspring size often assumes that the production cost per unit volume is the same for small and large offspring. However, this may not be true if indirect costs of reproduction (e.g., material and energetic costs of supporting offspring development) scale disproportionately with offspring size. Here we show how direct and indirect costs of reproduction can be explicitly modeled within the Smith-Fretwell framework and how observations of size-number relationships can thus be used to evaluate indirect costs. We applied this analysis to measures of egg volume and fecundity for over 300 individuals of a coastal fish species and found that the tradeoff was much stronger than the expected inverse (fecundity scaled with volume<sup>-1.843</sup>). Larger offspring were thus more expensive to produce. For our study species, an important indirect cost was that larger eggs were accompanied by disproportionately more ovarian fluid. Calorimetry and removal experiments were used to further measure both the energetic costs and fitness benefits of ovarian fluid. In addition, we show that indirect costs of reproduction can intensify size-number tradeoffs in a variety of fishes. Indirect costs of reproduction can be large and may therefore play an important role in the evolution of offspring size.</p>
Do tradeoffs govern plant species responses to different global change treatments?
<p>Plants are subject to tradeoffs among growth strategies such that adaptations for optimal growth in one condition can preclude optimal growth in another. Thus, we hypothesized that the response of plant species abundance to one global change treatment would relate inversely to the response to a second treatment, particularly for treatment combinations that accentuate distinct traits. To address this hypothesis, we examined plant species abundances in 39 global change experiments manipulating CO2, nitrogen, phosphorus, water, temperature, or disturbance. Overall, the directional response of a species to one treatment was 13% more likely than expected to oppose its response to a second. This tendency was detectable across the global dataset but held little predictive power for individual treatment combinations or within individual experiments. While tradeoffs in the ability to respond to different global change drivers exert detectable effects globally, other forces may obscure their influence in local communities.</p>
Data from: Nutritional challenges of feeding a mutualist: testing for a nutrient-toxin tradeoff in fungus-farming leafcutter ants
<p>The biochemical heterogeneity of food items often yields tradeoffs as each bite of food tends to contain some nutrients in surplus and others in deficit, as well as other less palatable or even toxic compounds. These multidimensional nutritional challenges are likely compounded when foraged foods are used to provision others (<i>e.g</i>. offspring or symbionts) with different physiological needs and tolerances. We explored these challenges in free-ranging colonies of leafcutter ants that navigate a diverse tropical forest to collect plant fragments they use to provision a co-evolved fungal cultivar. We tested the prediction that leafcutter farmers face provisioning tradeoffs between the nutritional quality and concentration of toxic tannins in foraged plant fragments. Chemical analyses of plant fragments sampled from the mandibles of Panamanian <i>Atta colombica </i>leafcutter ants provided little support for a nutrient-tannin foraging tradeoff. First, colonies foraged for plant fragments ranging widely in tannin concentration. Second, high tannin levels did not appear to restrict colonies from selecting plant fragments with blends of protein and carbohydrates that maximized cultivar performance when measured with <i>in vitro </i>experiments. We also tested whether tannins expand the realized nutritional niche selected by leafcutter ants into high-protein dimensions since: 1) tannins can bind proteins and reduce their accessibility during digestion, and 2) <i>in vitro</i> experiments have shown that excess protein provisioning reduces cultivar performance. Contrary to this hypothesis, the most protein-rich plant fragments did not have highest tannin levels. More generally, the approach developed here can be used to test how multidimensional interactions between nutrients and toxins shape the costs and benefits of providing care to offspring or symbionts.</p>
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