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181 results for “tree communities.”
Contribution of tree community structure to forest productivity across a thermal gradient in eastern Asia
<p>These CSV and R script files are the dataset and codes used for the analysis in the following <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36671-1">journal paper</a>:</p> <p>Kohyama, T.I., Sheil, D., Sun, IF. <em>et al.</em> Contribution of tree community structure to forest productivity across a thermal gradient in eastern Asia. <em>Nat Commun</em> <strong>14</strong>, 1113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36671-1</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Contents</strong></p> <ul> <li>d0.csv — Individual tree-stem size data obtained by two censuses in 60 forest plots in eastern Asia <ul> <li><code>plot_id</code> — Plot ID</li> <li><code>species</code> — Scientific name</li> <li><code>t1</code> — Year of the first census</li> <li><code>t2</code> — Year of the second census</li> <li><code>dbh1</code> — Stem diameter (cm) at the first census*<sup>1</sup></li> <li><code>dbh2</code> — Stem diameter (cm) at the second census*<sup>1</sup></li> <li><code>w1</code> — Estimated above ground biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) at the first census</li> <li><code>w2</code> — Estimated above ground biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) at the first census</li> <li><code>wl1</code> — Estimated leaf biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) at the first census</li> <li><code>wl2</code> — Estimated leaf biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) at the second census</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>d1.csv — Species-level biomass, productivity and other turnover rates in each of 60 forest plots in eastern Asia <ul> <li><code>plot_id</code> — Plot ID</li> <li><code>t1</code> — Year of the first census</li> <li><code>t2</code> — Year of the second census</li> <li><code>species</code> — Scientific name</li> <li><code>N</code> — Period mean number of stems (ha<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>B</code> — Period mean above ground biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>Bl</code> — Period mean leaf biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>p</code> — Relative above ground biomass productivity rate (year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>l</code> — Relative above ground biomass loss rate (year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>P</code> — Absolute above ground biomass productivity rate (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>L</code> — Absolute above ground biomass loss rate (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>pl</code> — Relative leaf biomass productivity rate (year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>ll</code> — Relative leaf biomass loss rate (year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>Pl</code> — Absolute leaf biomass productivity rate (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>Ll</code> — Absolute leaf biomass loss rate (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>w_max</code> — Period mean above ground biomass of the largest tree (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>w_99</code> — The 99-th percentaile of tree above ground biomass (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>)</li> <li><code>rgr_max</code> — Relative growth rate of the largest tree (year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>plot_metadata.csv — Metadata (e.g. location and climate variables) for 60 forest plots in eastern Asia <ul> <li><code>plot_id</code> — Plot ID</li> <li><code>latitude</code> — Latitude in decimal degrees (°)</li> <li><code>longitude</code> — Longitude in decimal degrees (°)</li> <li><code>elevation</code> — Elevation (m)</li> <li><code>area</code> — Plot area (ha)</li> <li><code>MAT</code> — Mean annual temperature (°C)*<sup>2</sup></li> <li><code>AP</code> — Annual precipitation (mm year<sup>−1</sup>)*<sup>2</sup></li> <li><code>PET</code> — Potential evapotranspiration (mm year<sup>−1</sup>)*<sup>2</sup></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>annual_litterfall.csv — Annual fine litterfall (i.e. canopy productivity) obtained by monthly litterfall records collected by litter traps during same census period in 22 forest plots <ul> <li><code>plot_id</code> — Plot ID</li> <li><code>Plitter</code> — Annual litterfall production (Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>max_tree_height.csv — Tallest tree height for 388 species in 11 forest plots <ul> <li><code>plot_id</code> — Plot ID</li> <li><code>species</code> — Scientific name</li> <li><code>H_max</code> — tallest tree height (m)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li>productivity.r — R script for estimating forest-level aboveground net productivity</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>*<sup>1 </sup>No-record diameters due to death in the second census and pre-recruitment in the first census were set to zero.</p> <p>*<sup>2</sup> Climate data for the period 1981–2010 were obtained from CHELSA version 2.1 (Krager et al. 2021 EnviDat, https://doi.org/10.16904/envidat.228.v2.1)</p>
Data from: Enhanced climate tolerance for trees derived from microbial communities
<p>Changing climates are pushing species outside of their evolved tolerances; populations must acclimate or adapt to the new conditions or migrate to avoid extinction. However, because plants associate with diverse microbial communities that shape their phenotype, shifts in microbial associations may provide an alternative source of novel climate tolerance. Here we show that tree seedlings inoculated with microbial communities sourced from drier, warmer, or colder sites displayed higher survival when facing drought, heat, or cold stress, respectively. Microbially mediated drought tolerance was associated with increased diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while cold tolerance was related to reduced diversity of non-adapted taxa. Understanding microbially mediated climate tolerance may enhance our ability to predict and manage the adaptability of forest ecosystems to changing climates.</p>
Data from: Enhanced climate tolerance for trees derived from microbial communities
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Functional biogeography of Neotropical moist forests: trait-climate relationships and assembly patterns of tree communities
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Living in the litter: The influence of tree leaf litter on wetland communities, 2006.
Empirical research in streams has demonstrated that terrestrial subsidies of tree leaf litter infl uence multiple community factors including composition, diversity and growth of individuals. However, little research has examined the importance of tree litter species on wetlands, which are ubiquitous across the landscape and serve as important habitats for a unique and diverse community of organisms. Using outdoor mesocosms, we assessed the impact of 12 litter monocultures and three litter mixtures (from both broadleaf and conifer trees) on pond communities containing gray tree frog tadpoles Hyla versicolor , periphyton, phytoplankton and zooplankton. We found that leaf litter species had substantial and diff erential impacts on all trophic groups in the community including eff ects on algal abundance, zooplankton density and amphibian growth. In many instances, patterns of responses were specifi c to individual litter species yet some responses, including both pH values and periphyton biomass, were generalizable to broad taxonomic groups. In addition, while most responses of litter mixtures were additive, we found evidence for antagonistic eff ects of litter mixing among responses of periphyton and amphibian body mass. Our results highlight the potential impact of human and naturally driven changes in forest composition on wetland communities through associated changes in leaf litter.
Non-native weed reaches community dominance under the canopy of native tree
Whether facilitation from native plants is strong enough to trigger community dominance by non-natives remains unclear. We explored the possibility that facilitation from Prosopis caldenia, the dominant native tree in the semiarid open forest of central Argentina, drives local community dominance by Chenopodium album, an annual herb native to Europe. We assessed this hypothesis by conducting extensive field sampling in which we recorded the relative abundance of species growing under the canopy of P. caldenia (caldén microsites) and in adjacent locations free of this tree (open microsites). If our hypothesis is correct, then the relative abundance of C. album will be greater than that of the rest of the species only when growing under P. caldenia. Also, we measured C. album performance, estimated its soil seed bank, and characterized growing conditions in caldén and open microsites. We found that the relative abundance of C. album was over seven times greater than that of any other species in communities occurring in caldén microsites; by contrast, C. album co-dominated communities with several other species in the open. Chenopodium album density, cover, biomass, and fecundity were all several times greater in caldén than open microsites. Similarly, C. album seed bank displayed an eight-fold increase in caldén as compared to open microsites. Growing conditions were markedly different between microsites, which could explain positive responses from C. album. Our results suggest that facilitation from natives is indeed strong enough to trigger local community dominance by non-natives, advancing the understanding of community-level consequences of this interaction.
Data from: Savannas after afforestation: assessment of herbaceous community responses to wildfire versus native tree planting
<p>Afforestation and fire exclusion are pervasive threats to tropical savannas. In Brazil, laws limiting prescribed burning hinder the study of fire in the restoration of Cerrado plant communities. We took advantage of a 2017 wildfire to evaluate the potential for tree cutting and fire to promote the passive restoration of savanna herbaceous plant communities after destruction by exotic tree plantations. We sampled a burned pine plantation (Burned Plantation); a former plantation that was harvested and burned (Harvested & Burned); an unburned former plantation that was harvested, planted with native trees, and treated with herbicide to control invasive grasses (Native Tree Planting); and two old-growth savannas which served as reference communities. Our results confirm that herbaceous plant communities on post-afforestation sites are very different from old-growth savannas. Among post-afforestation sites, Harvested & Burned herbaceous communities were modestly more similar in composition to old-growth savannas, had slightly higher richness of savanna plants (3.8 species per 50-m2), and supported the greatest cover of native herbaceous plants (56%). These positive trends in herbaceous community recovery would be missed in assessments of tree cover: whereas canopy cover in the Harvested & Burned site was 6% (less than typical of savannas of the Cerrado), the Burned Plantation and Native Tree Planting, supported 34% and 19% cover, respectively. By focusing on savanna herbaceous plants, these results highlight that tree cutting and fire, not simply tree planting and fire exclusion, should receive greater attention in efforts to restore savannas of the Cerrado.</p>
Species Abundance Distributions (SADs) for local tree communities in 1-ha forest plots on 20 tropical islands in the Indo-Pacific region
<p>Species abundance distributions (SADs) characterise the distribution of individuals among species. This dataset was used to investigate the relative importance of disturbance regime (tropical cyclone regime) and island geography (the area and isolation of islands) on the shape of SADs.</p>
Data from: Effects of restoration on tree communities and carbon storage in rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats, India
Ecological restoration is a leading strategy for reversing biodiversity losses and enhancing terrestrial carbon sequestration in degraded tropical forests. There have been few comprehensive assessments of recovery following restoration in fragmented forest landscapes, and the efficacy of active versus passive (i.e., natural regeneration) restoration remains unclear. We examined 11 indicators of forest structure, tree diversity and composition (adult and sapling), and aboveground carbon storage in 25 pairs of actively restored (AR; 7–15 yr after weed removal and mixed-native tree species planting) and naturally regenerating (NR) plots within degraded rainforest fragments, and in 17 less-disturbed benchmark (BM) rainforest plots in the Western Ghats, India. We assessed the effects of active restoration on the 11 indicators and tested the hypothesis that active restoration effects increase with isolation from contiguous and relatively intact rainforests. Active restoration significantly increased canopy cover, adult tree and sapling density, adult and sapling species density (overall and late successional), compositional similarity to benchmarks, and aboveground carbon storage, which recovered 14–82% toward BM targets relative to NR baselines. By contrast, tree height–diameter ratios and the proportion of native saplings did not recover consistently in actively restored forests. The effects of active restoration on canopy cover, species density (adult), late successional species density (adult and sapling), and species composition, but not carbon storage, increased with isolation across the fragmented landscape. Our findings show that active restoration can promote recovery of forest structure, composition, and carbon storage within 7–15 yr of restoration in degraded tropical rainforest fragments, although the benefits of active over passive restoration across fragmented landscapes would depend on indicator type and may increase with site isolation. These findings on early stages of recovery suggest that active restoration in ubiquitous fragmented landscapes of the tropics could complement passive restoration of degraded forests in less fragmented landscapes, and protection of intact forests, as a key strategy for conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change.
Long-term monitoring reveals forest tree community change driven by atmospheric sulfate pollution and contemporary climate change
Aim: Montane environments are sentinels of global change, providing unique opportunities to assess impacts on species diversity. Multiple anthropogenic stressors such as climate change and atmospheric pollution may act concurrently or synergistically in restructuring communities. Thus, a major challenge for conservation is untangling the relative importance of different stressors. Here, we combine long-term monitoring with multivariate community modeling to estimate the anthropogenic drivers shaping forest tree diversity along an elevational gradient. Location: Camels Hump Mountain, Vermont, USA Methods: We used Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) to model spatial and temporal turnover in beta diversity along an elevational gradient over a 50-year period, and tested for spatiotemporal shifts in density and elevational distribution of individual species. GDMs were used to predict community turnover as non-linear functions of changes in elevation, climate and atmospheric pollution. Results: We observed significant shifts in elevational range and density of individual species, which contributed to an overall reduction in the elevational gradient in beta diversity through time. GDMs showed the combined effects of sulfate deposition and temperature as drivers of this temporal reduction in beta diversity. Spatiotemporal changes differed among species, with shifts observed both up and downslope. For example, in a reversal of a previous upslope range contraction, red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) increased in density and shifted downslope since the 1990's, occupying warmer, drier climates. Main conclusion: Our results demonstrate that global change is impacting the stratification of forest tree diversity along elevational gradients, but the responses of individual species are complex and variable in direction. We suggest abiotic drivers may directly impact individual species while also indirectly altering species interactions along elevational gradients. Our approach modelling the drivers of compositional turnover quantifies the rate and amount of change in beta diversity along environmental gradients, and serves as a powerful complement to studying species-specific responses.
Varying impacts of logging frequency on tree communities and carbon storage across evergreen and deciduous tropical forests in the Andaman Islands, India
<p>The majority of Earth's tropical forests have been selectively logged; some on repeated occasions. Selective logging is known to affect forest structure, composition and function in various ways, but how such effects vary with logging frequency and across forest types remains unclear. In the Andaman Archipelago in India, we examined adult and pole-sized trees in baseline (unlogged since 1990s), once-logged (logged between 2007 and 2014) and twice-logged (logged in early 1990s and between 2007 and 2014) evergreen and deciduous forests, and tested whether higher logging frequency was associated with lower canopy cover, tree density, tree diversity, aboveground carbon stocks and divergence in species composition, including increased relative abundances of deciduous species in these forests. While once-logged evergreen and deciduous forests were similar to their respective baselines for most attributes assessed, and twice-logged evergreen forests had 22–24% lower adult tree density and diversity, twice-logged deciduous forests had 17–50% lower canopy cover, pole density, adult species diversity and above-ground carbon stocks, and 12% higher deciduous fractions compared to the baselines. Collectively our results reveal lasting impacts of repeated selective logging, even at relative low intensity, on tree communities and carbon storage. These impacts can potentially be mitigated by reducing logging frequency and retaining unlogged patches in logged landscapes, but management must also incorporate heterogeneity in responses and recovery across different forest types. In the Andaman Islands, all forests may require more than 15–25 years between logging events, with deciduous forests potentially requiring more stringent extraction limits compared to evergreen forests.</p>
Closely related tree species support distinct communities of seed-associated fungi in a lowland tropical forest
<p>Previous theoretical work has highlighted the potential for natural enemies to mediate the coexistence of species with similar life-histories via density-dependent effects on survivorship. For plant pathogens to play this role, they must differ in their ability to infect or induce disease in different host plant species. In tropical forests characterized by high diversity, these effects must extend to phylogenetically closely related species pairs. Mortality at the seed and seedling stage strongly influences the abundance and distribution of tropical tree species, but the host preferences and spatial distributions of fungi are rarely determined.</p> <p>We examined how host species identity, relatedness, and seed viability influence the composition of fungal communities associated with seeds of four co-occurring pioneer trees (<em>Cecropia insignis</em>, <em>C. longipes</em>, <em>C. peltata</em>, and <em>Jacaranda copaia</em>). Seeds were buried in mesh bags in five common gardens in the understory of a lowland tropical forest in Panama and retrieved at intervals from 1-30 months. A subset of the seeds in each bag was used to determine germination success. One half of each remaining seed was tested for viability; the other half was used to culture and identify seed-infecting fungi.</p> <p>Seeds were infected by fungi after burial. Although fungal communities differed in viable vs. dead seeds, and across burial locations, community composition primarily varied as a function of plant species identity (30.7% of variation in community composition vs. 4.5% for viability and location together), even for congeneric <em>Cecropia</em> species. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that relatedness of fungi mostly reflected differences between <em>Jacaranda</em> (Bignoniaceae) and <em>Cecropia</em> (Urticaceae).</p> <p>Although the proportion of germinable seeds decreased gradually over time for all species, intraspecific variation in survival was high at the same location (e.g., ranging from 0-100% for <em>C. peltata</em>) suggesting variable exposure or susceptibility to seed pathogens.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our study provides evidence under field conditions that congeneric tree species with similar life-history differ markedly in seed-associated fungal communities when exposed to the same soilborne fungi. This is a critical first step supporting pathogen mediated coexistence of closely related tree species.</p>
Overyielding in young tree communities does not support the stress-gradient hypothesis and is favoured by functional diversity and higher water availability
<p class="CxSpFirst"><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <ol> <li class="CxSpMiddle">Biodiversity effects on productivity and other ecosystem functions are strongly dependent on climate and resource availability. Based on the stress-gradient hypothesis, under conditions of greater abiotic stress, diversity effects on plant performance are intensified due to the increased relative importance of positive plant interactions. However, whether this hypothesis is consistently applicable in forest systems remains unclear. A field trial was established to test the stress-gradient hypothesis and examine diversity effects on aboveground biomass production of young trees in mixtures exposed to different water availability.</li> <li class="CxSpMiddle">Six native tree species of northern temperate forests (<i>Acer saccharum</i>,<i> Betula papyrifera</i>,<i> Larix laricina</i>,<i> Picea glauca, Pinus strobus</i>,<i> and Quercus rubra</i>) were planted as monocultures and as mixtures of two, four, and six species. For five growing seasons, four replicates of each community were exposed to conditions of either low- or high-water availability created by rainfall exclusion and weekly irrigation, respectively. Growth-years 4 and 5 were significantly different when the climatic water balance of the growing seasons were compared. We tested the effects of functional diversity on: (1) total growth of mixtures under low- and high-water availability, and (2) annual growth in years 4 (higher water availability, 2017) and 5 (lower water availability, 2018).</li> <li class="CxSpMiddle">Annual growth of most species in both years was greater under high- vs. low-water availability. Functional diversity had a significant positive effect on total biomass production and annual growth, and this effect was more strongly expressed under high-water availability. Functional diversity effects on annual growth did not differ between years 4 and 5 regardless of their climatic water balance. Functional and species identity were key to understanding productivity responses to mixture and treatment effects.</li> <li class="CxSpMiddle"> <i>Synthesis</i>: Contrary to the stress-gradient hypothesis, the positive effects of functional diversity on productivity were enhanced by high-water availability and were independent of seasonal water balance.</li> </ol>
Data from: Environmental filtering structures fungal endophyte communities in tree bark
<p>The factors that control the assembly and composition of endophyte communities across plant hosts remains poorly understood. This is especially true for endophyte communities inhabiting inner tree bark, one of the least studied components of the plant microbiome. Here, we test the hypothesis that bark of different tree species acts as an environmental filter structuring endophyte communities, as well as the alternative hypothesis, that bark acts as a passive reservoir that accumulates a diverse assemblage of spores and latent fungal life stages. We develop a means of extracting high‐quality DNA from surface sterilized tree bark to compile the first culture‐independent study of inner bark fungal communities. We sampled a total of 120 trees, spanning five dominant overstorey species across multiple sites in a mixed temperate hardwood forest. We find that each of the five tree species harbour unique assemblages of inner bark fungi and that angiosperm and gymnosperm hosts harbour significantly different fungal communities. Chemical components of tree bark (pH, total phenolic content) structure some of the differences detected among fungal communities residing in particular tree species. Inner bark fungal communities were highly diverse (mean of 117–171 operational taxonomic units per tree) and dominated by a range of Ascomycete fungi living asymptomatically as putative endophytes. Together, our evidence supports the hypothesis that tree bark acts as an environmental filter structuring inner bark fungal communities. The role of these potentially ubiquitous and plant‐specific fungal communities remains uncertain and merits further study.</p>
Data from: Defaunation increases the spatial clustering of lowland Western Amazonian tree communities
1.Declines of large vertebrates in tropical forests may reduce dispersal of tree species that rely on them, and the resulting undispersed seedlings might suffer increased distance- and density- dependent mortality. Consequently, extirpation of large vertebrates may alter the composition and spatial structure of plant communities and impair ecosystem functions like carbon storage. 2.We analysed spatial patterns of tree recruitment within six forest plots along a defaunation gradient in western Amazonia. We divided recruits into two size cohorts ("saplings", ≥1 m tall and <1 cm diameter at breast height [dbh], and juveniles, 1 – 2 cm dbh) and examined the spatial organization of conspecific recruits within each cohort (within-cohort) and around conspecific reproductive-sized trees (between-cohort). We used replicated spatial point pattern analysis to quantify relationships between recruit clustering and cohort, defaunation intensity, each tree species' reliance on hunted dispersers and the interactions among these three covariates. 3.Within-cohort clustering of conspecific saplings increased with reliance of tree species on hunted dispersers and this trend strengthened significantly as defaunation increased, probably because of reduced dispersal. 4.Within-cohort clustering of conspecifics declined from saplings to juveniles, suggesting density-dependent mortality of saplings. However, the positive relationship between sapling clustering and defaunation did not lead to greater reductions in within-cohort clustering during the sapling-juvenile transition, suggesting that higher conspecific densities did not translate into increased mortality. Instead, the increased spatial clustering associated with defaunation was retained for juvenile recruits. 5.Between-cohort clustering was unrelated to defaunation and did not change during the sapling – juvenile transition. 6.Synthesis: Defaunation increased spatial aggregation of saplings of tree species reliant on hunted dispersers. The increase in sapling clustering did not increase density-dependent thinning, and persisted into older recruit cohorts, suggesting that hunting may initiate long-term spatial reorganisation of Amazonian tree communities. The lack of increased density-dependent thinning indicates that reduced dispersal did not increase mortality of large-vertebrate dispersed tree species that contribute disproportionately to forest biomass. We therefore caution against the fait accompli acceptance of the prediction by recent modelling studies that overhunting will precipitate a collapse in carbon sequestration by tropical forests.
Data from: Do temperate tree species diversity and identity influence soil microbial community function and composition?
Studies of biodiversity-ecosystem function in treed ecosystems have generally focused on aboveground functions. The present study investigates inter-trophic links between tree diversity and soil microbial community function and composition.We examined how microbial communities in surface mineral soil responded to experimental gradients of tree species richness (SR), functional diversity (FD), community-weighted mean trait value (CWM) and tree identity. The site was a 4-yr-old common garden experiment near Montreal, Canada, consisting of deciduous and evergreen tree species mixtures. Microbial community composition, community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) and respiration were evaluated using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and the MicroRespTM system, respectively. The relationship between tree species richness and glucose induced respiration (GIR), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2) followed a positive but saturating shape. Microbial communities associated with species mixtures were more active (basal respiration (BR)), with higher biomass (glucose induced respiration (GIR)), and used a greater number of carbon sources than monocultures. Communities associated with deciduous tree species used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with evergreen species, suggesting a greater soil carbon storage capacity. There were no differences in microbial composition (PLFA) between monocultures and SR mixtures. The FD and the CWM of several functional traits affected both BR and GIR. In general, the CWM of traits had stronger effects than did FD, suggesting that certain traits of dominant species have more effect on ecosystem processes than does FD. Both the functions of GIR and BR were positively related to aboveground tree community productivity. Both tree diversity (SR) and identity (species and functional identity – leaf habit) affected soil microbial community respiration, biomass and composition. For the first time, we identified functional traits related to life history strategy, as well as root traits that influence another trophic level, soil microbial community function, via effects on BR and GIR.
Data from: Evolutionary diversity in tropical tree communities peaks at intermediate precipitation
<p>Global patterns of species and evolutionary diversity in plants are primarily determined by a temperature gradient, but precipitation gradients may be more important within the tropics, where plant species richness is positively associated with the amount of rainfall. The impact of precipitation on the distribution of evolutionary diversity, however, is largely unexplored. Here we detail how evolutionary diversity varies along precipitation gradients by bringing together a comprehensive database on the composition of angiosperm tree communities across lowland tropical South America (2,025 inventories from wet to arid biomes), and a new, large-scale phylogenetic hypothesis for the genera that occur in these ecosystems. We find a marked reduction in the evolutionary diversity of communities at low precipitation. However, unlike species richness, evolutionary diversity does not continually increase with rainfall. Rather, our results show that the greatest evolutionary diversity is found in intermediate precipitation regimes, and that there is a decline in evolutionary diversity above 1,490 mm of mean annual rainfall. If conservation is to prioritise evolutionary diversity, areas of intermediate precipitation that are found in the South American 'arc of deforestation', but which have been neglected in the design of protected area networks in the tropics, merit increased conservation attention.</p>
Supplementary material 2: Seu Nico Community Dynamics from: Tree Diversity and Dynamics of the Forest of Seu Nico, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil - Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5425 (31 July 2015) https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5425
2868 tree occurrences from two census within 100 plots of 10x10 m in the Forest of Seu Nico (FSN), Viçosa municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil, including measurements of each tree as well as environmental data from all 100 plots. Dataset consists of seven independent files
Data from: Uniqueness of tree stand composition and soil microbial communities are related across urban spruce-dominated forests
<p>The dataset contains data obtained from urban spruce-dominated forests in southern Finland where we have measured tree stand composition, forest management history, soil chemical properties, and soil microbial communities. Data files include (1) microbial OTU tables describing microbial community composition (sequence read counts of Operational Taxonomic Units) across the study plots, (2) taxonomic assignments and other metadata related to OTUs, and (3) measured and calculated variables describing the characteristics of sites and their microbial assemblages (site metadata).</p>
Data from: Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Amazonia hosts more tree species, from numerous evolutionary lineages both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonised multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Amazonia.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Data for the abundance of 5,082 tree species in 1,989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> In the terra firme and várzea forest types, phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate, and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R <sup>2</sup> = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). Phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R <sup>2</sup> = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization on specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions. </p>
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