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Text-fig. 2. The distinction between fossil plants (a) and plant fossils (b). a: Reconstruction of a late Carboniferous arborescent lycopsid, often referred to as the Lepidodendron-tree; artwork by A. Townsend (formerly of National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK; see Townsend et al. 1998); b: Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB.; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.88. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 2. The distinction between fossil plants (a) and plant fossils (b). a: Reconstruction of a late Carboniferous arborescent lycopsid, often referred to as the Lepidodendron-tree; artwork by A. Townsend (formerly of National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK; see Townsend et al. 1998); b: Lepidodendron aculeatum STERNB.; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.88.
Supporting data sets for "Estimating Carbon Fixation of Plant Organs for Afforestation Monitoring using a Process-based Ecosystem Model and Ecophysiological Parameter Optimization". (the survey of tree breast diameter and tree height in 11-year old Eucommia ulmoides plantation, values of simulation results used in figures and tables.)
<p>Supporting data sets for Miyauchi et al., Ecology and Evolution, 2019 (accepted).</p> <p>The files store: </p> <p>(1) The survey of tree breast diameter and tree height in <em>Eucommia ulmoides</em> plantation<em>.</em> The ring and stem analysis and dry weight of seven harvested sample trees in the plantation.</p> <p>(2) Values of optimization result used fig.7.</p> <p>(3) Values of prediction result used fig.8. and table 4.</p> <p>(4) Values of optimized parameters by optimization methods, parameter range and constrain.</p>
TreeGOER 2024 Expansion: Expansion with additional tree and bamboo species identified via the World Checklist of Vascular Plants
<p>The database provides globally observed environmental ranges for an additional list of species not included in the <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/7922927"><strong>TreeGOER database</strong></a>. Candidate species were identified via the <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/about-wcvp"><strong>World Checklist of Vascular Plants</strong> (WCVP) version 11</a>. Many of the additional species were hybrids or bamboo species that were excluded from <strong>GlobalTreeSearch</strong>. Taxonomical details given in a separate file correspond to information provided by the WCVP, as well as information on the life form of each species. Field <em>n</em> in the taxonomical data sets shows the number of records used to provide range information for the expansion of TreeGOER.</p> <p>Tree species were filtered from the WCVP by selecting species records with an empty <em>acceptedNameUsageID</em> field (a field that refers to a current name if not empty) and afterwards filtering for records where the <em>lifeform_description</em> field contained one from the categories of <u>tree</u> (3580 candidate species for the TreeGOER 2024 expansion), shrub or <u>tree</u> (3129), scrambling shrub or <u>tree</u> (138), climbing shrub or <u>tree</u> (58), succulent shrub or <u>tree</u> (40), succulent <u>tree</u> (37), scrambling <u>tree</u> (32), liana or <u>tree</u> (6), , tuberous <u>tree (3)</u>, tuberous shrub or <u>tree</u> (3), semisucculent <u>tree</u> (2), or semisucculent shrub or <u>tree</u> (3)</p> <p>Species that could <strong><u>not</u></strong> be matched with the <a href="https://tools.bgci.org/global_tree_search.php">GlobalTreeSearch database (version 1.7)</a> were candidates for the expansion of species documented in TreeGOER. Standardization to the WCVP was achieved via the <a href="https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aps3.11388">WorldFlora R package</a>, using the same scripts available in this Rpub: . <a href="https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151">https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151</a>.</p> <p>Occurrence data were obtained from the <strong>Global Biodiversity Information Facility</strong> via the following downloads. Downloads were facilitated by prior identification of the <strong>GBIF usageKey</strong> via the <a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/rgbif/reference/name_backbone.html">rgbif::name_backbone</a> function, afterwards filtering records that matched with a current species name in the GBIF backbone taxonomy, using package <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgbif">rgbif</a> version 3.7-9.</p> <ul> <li>batch 1: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.upqqve">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.upqqve</a></li> <li>batch 2: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fhqdpg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fhqdpg</a></li> <li>batch 3: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.w3k3n7">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.w3k3n7</a></li> <li>batch 4: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xqp7qg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xqp7qg</a></li> <li>batch 5: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.t92qsg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.t92qsg</a></li> <li>batch 6: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.7ug5z5">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.7ug5z5</a></li> <li>batch 7: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8tp9p8">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8tp9p8</a></li> <li>batch 8: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ewdj7m">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ewdj7m</a></li> <li>batch 9: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gccja8">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gccja8</a></li> <li>batch 10: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jg7gzs">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jg7gzs</a></li> <li>batch 11: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6gww7b">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6gww7b</a></li> <li>batch 12: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.9h8axh">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.9h8axh</a></li> <li>batch 13: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mswf23">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mswf23</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>For bamboo species, identified by a similar process as documented above but now filtering in the WCVP for the lifeform of <u>bamboo</u>, occurrence data were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility via the following downloads:</p> <ul> <li>batch 1: GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6xt5qu">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6xt5qu</a></li> <li>batch 2: GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.tdmva4">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.tdmva4</a></li> <li>batch 3: GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.u2gpxv">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.u2gpxv</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>After downloading the GBIF occurrence data sets, the same procedures were used to calculate the globally observed environmental ranges as in the TreeGOER database which have been described by Kindt, R. (2023). <strong>TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species</strong>. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>. </p> <p> </p> <p>A new check for the availability of species observations was made also for species listed in the <a href="https://worldagroforestry.org/output/globalusefulnativetrees"><strong>GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database</strong></a>, but not in TreeGOER. Taxonomical details for these species are given as a 'set 2' in the database.</p> <p>Downloads from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility were:</p> <ul> <li>batch 1: GBIF.org (04 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ajwegx">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ajwegx</a></li> <li>batch 2: GBIF.org (04 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hxk5be">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hxk5be</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Version 2024.06 included a new field in the Tmo10 zones files of 'A18' that flags 717 species that occur in zones where all months have a mininum temperature of 18 degrees or above, using similar methods as the 2024.06 version of TreeGOER.</p> <p> </p> <p>The development of the <strong>TreeGOER 2024 Expansion</strong> was supported by the <strong>Darwin Initiative</strong> to project DAREX001 of <em>Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration</em>, by <strong>Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia</strong> to the <em>Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio</em> project in Ethiopia, by the <strong>Green Climate Fund</strong> through the IUCN-led <em>Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation</em> project and through the <em>Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso</em>, by the <strong>Bezos Earth Fund</strong> to the <em>Bezos Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda</em> project and by the <strong>German International Climate Initiative (IKI)</strong> to the regional tree seed programme on <em>The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa</em>. When using <strong>TreeGOER 2024 Expansion</strong> in your work, cite the publication (Kindt <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">2023</a>) as well as this repository using the DOI (<a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.11208040">https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11208040</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data for: Pine trees structure plant biodiversity patterns in savannas
<p>Overstory trees serve multiple functions in grassy savannas. Past research has shown that large pine canopy openings harbor greater plant species richness and different species composition. However, these studies did not examine such patterns at the scale of individual trees. We examined the relationship between understory plant communities and proximity to individual pine trees in dry and mesic pine savannas in frequently burned (1-3 year intervals) and long unburned (>30 years since fire) sites in north central Florida. We recorded the presence and abundance (stem or ramet number) of plant species in 1 m x 1 m plots adjacent to tree boles (basal) or outside crown driplines (open). In addition, we quantified environmental variables, including light transmittance and percent cover of litter, bare ground, and fuel loading classes.</p>
Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method which shows the genetic relationship between C. sphaerospermum 2 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cladosporium sphaerospermum isolates collected from tomato plant residues
Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method which shows the genetic relationship between C. sphaerospermum 2 (as indicated in red circle) and the other C. sphaerospermum isolates deposited in GenBank (NCBI)
Text-fig. 5. Most parsimonious trees obtained after addition of the Pennipollis plant to the (A) D&E and (B) J/M trees. Relative parsimony of alternative positions of the Pennipollis plant is indicated as in Text-fig. 2; abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 5. Most parsimonious trees obtained after addition of the Pennipollis plant to the (A) D&E and (B) J/M trees. Relative parsimony of alternative positions of the Pennipollis plant is indicated as in Text-fig. 2; abbreviations as in Text-fig. 1.
Interactions between enrichment planted seedlings and mature trees in selectively logged lowland dipterocarp forest - dataset
<div> <h2>Description</h2> <p>Old-growth forests in Southeast Asia are dominated by trees of the Dipterocarpaceae family which are targeted by selective logging. Their traits (supra-annual mast fruiting, limited dispersal, and recalcitrant seeds that form no seed bank) mean they can have poor natural regeneration rates in some selectively logged forests. Enrichment planting is commonly used to overcome recruitment limitation and increase restoration success. However, it is still unclear what factors influence the success rate of planted seedlings, including the characteristics of the surrounding tree matrix and local neighbourhood. <br>Here, we examine the growth and survival of 721 enrichment line-planted seedlings within 24 plots of the selectively logged forest of the Sabah Biodiversity Experiment, in Malaysian Borneo, in relation to their species identity and local neighbourhoods. We mapped the spatial location, size, and identity of nearly 5,000 surrounding matrix trees (≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height ) within a 10 m radius of focal planted seedlings in 2012 and 2015. We analysed levels of tree density-dependence (in terms of canopy openness and total basal area of surrounding matrix trees), asymmetric competition with naturally occurring trees (the proportion of total basal area within a 10 m radius belonging to the largest tree), and confamilial density-dependence (the proportion of total basal area within a 10 m radius belonging to dipterocarps) for each seedling. The following research questions were addressed: how do changes in (a) light availability, (b) local competition, (c) asymmetric competition, and (d) confamilial density-dependence affect the (1) growth and (2) survival of enrichment planted dipterocarp seedlings? To answer these questions, we mapped the tree size, identity (dipterocarp or non-dipterocarp), and spatial location of surrounding matrix trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm within a 10 m radius of each planted seedling. Column descriptions:<br>tree.id: The ID of the tree in question. This takes the format [plot].[line].[number] with cohort (Old [O] or new [N]) at the end.<br>IDPlots: The plot number the tree in question is located in.<br>Line_number: The specific line within a plot that the tree in question is located in.<br>sp.plot: Column specifying both the species and the plot number of the tree in question, separated by a period.<br>sp.cohort: Column specifying both the species and the cohort of the tree in question, separated by a comma.<br>richness: If the plot the tree is located in is a plot enrichment-planted with one (mono) or 16 species (sixteen).<br>X_m: Relative x coordinate - the first position of Field-Map had x,y,z-coordinates (0,0,0).<br>Y_m: Relative y coordinate.<br>Z_m: Relative z coordinate.<br>genus: The genus-level identity of the seedling.<br>species: The species-level identity of the seedling<br>survival: If the seedling was alive by 2015 (1 = alive, 0 = dead).<br>planting.date: The date of planting of the seedling.<br>survey_2002: the date of the survey for the 2002 census<br>survey_2011: the date of the survey for the 2011 census.<br>survey_2012: the date of the survey for the 2012 census.<br>survey_2015: the date of the survey for the 2015 census.<br>cohort: if this seedling was part of the initial planted cohort planted in 2002 (cohort 1) or the second cohort (cohort 2) which was planted later to replace those that had died.<br>age_2002: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2002<br>age_2011: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2011<br>age_2012: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2012<br>age_2015: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2015<br>diam_2002: Basal diameter of seedling in 2002, measured in mm.<br>diam_2011: Basal diameter of seedling in 2011, measured in mm.<br>diam_2012: Basal diameter of seedling in 2012, measured in mm.<br>diam_2015: Basal diameter of seedling in 2015, measured in mm.<br>DBH_2002: DBH of seedling in 2002, measured in mm.<br>DBH_2011: DBH of seedling in 2011, measured in mm.<br>DBH_2012: DBH of seedling in 2012, measured in mm.<br>DBH_2015: DBH of seedling in 2015, measured in mm.<br>rgr_2002: the relative growth rate of seedling, calculated as (ln(diameter in 2015)-ln(diameter in 2002) / (age in days in 2015 - age in days in 2002).<br>rgr_2011: the relative growth rate of seedling, calculated as (ln(diameter in 2015)-ln(diameter in 2011) / (age in days in 2015 - age in days in 2011).<br>rgr_2012: the relative growth rate of seedling, calculated as (ln(diameter in 2015)-ln(diameter in 2012) / (age in days in 2015 - age in days in 2012).<br>openness: The average canopy openness score across 4 cardinal directions, taken during the second census.<br>ba_total_5: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling <br>ba_total_10: the total basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling <br>ba_total: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling <br>ba_mean_5: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling <br>ba_mean_10: the mean basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling <br>ba_mean: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling <br>dbh_max_5: The basal area of the largest tree within 5 m of the focal seedling <br>dbh_max_10: The basal area of the largest tree between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling <br>dbh_max: The basal area of the largest tree within 10 m of the focal seedling <br>no_trees_5: The number of trees within 5 m of the focal seedling<br>no_trees_10: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling<br>no_trees: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling<br>ba_total_5_nondip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>ba_total_10_nondip: the total basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling , considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>ba_total_nondip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling , considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>ba_mean_5_nondip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>ba_mean_10_nondip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>ba_mean_nondip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>dbh_max_5_nondip: The basal area of the largest tree within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>dbh_max_10_nondip: The basal area of the largest tree between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>dbh_max_nondip: The basal area of the largest tree within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>no_trees_5_nondip: The number of trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>no_trees_10_nondip: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>no_trees_nondip: The number of trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps<br>ba_total_5_dip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>ba_total_10_dip: the total basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>ba_total_dip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling , considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>ba_mean_5_dip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>ba_mean_10_dip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>ba_mean_dip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>dbh_max_5_dip: The basal area of the largest tree within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>dbh_max_10_dip: The basal area of the largest tree between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>dbh_max_dip: The basal area of the largest tree within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>no_trees_5_dip: The number of trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>no_trees_10_dip: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>no_trees_dip: The number of trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps<br>openness_log: the openness column now expressed on a natural log scale.<br>ba_total_log: The ba_total column expressed on a natural log scale.<br>ba_total_log_scaled: The ba_total_log column scaled using the scale() function (center = TRUE, scale = FALSE).<br>prop_dip: The proportion of basal area of surrounding trees that belong to dipterocarps<br>ba_max: The basal area of the largest tree, calculated as pi * ((dbh_max / 10) ^ 2) / 40000.<br>prop_ba_max: the proportion of the basal area that belongs to the largest single tree</p> <h2>Contact Person</h2> <p>Ryan Veryard (ryan@veryard.co.uk)</p> <h2>Funding</h2> <p>These data were collected as part of research funded by:</p> <ul> <li>National Environmental Research Council (Standard grant , NE/S007474/1 , <a href="https://www.environmental-research.ox.ac.uk/">https://www.environmental-research.ox.ac.uk/</a> )</li> <li>Agencia Estatal de Investigación de España (Standard grant , RYC2021-032049-I , <a href="https://www.aei.gob.es/">https://www.aei.gob.es/</a> )</li> <li>Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (Standard grant , INTER-TRANSFER LTT17017 , <a href="https://msmt.gov.cz/">https://msmt.gov.cz/</a> )</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p> <h2>Files</h2> <p>This dataset consists of 1 file: fieldmap_dataset.xlsx</p> <h3>fieldmap_dataset.xlsx</h3> <p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p> <h3>Interactions between enrichment planted seedlings and mature trees in selectively logged lowland dipterocarp forest - dataset</h3> <ul> <li>Worksheet: Fieldmap_data</li> <li>Description: Dataset for the published paper "Interactions between enrichment planted seedlings and mature trees in selectively logged lowland dipterocarp forest"</li> <li>Number of fields: 74</li> <li>Number of data rows: 721</li> <ul> <li>tree.id: The ID of the tree in question. This takes the format [plot].[line].[number] with cohort (Old [O] or new [N]) at the end. (type: replicate)</li> <li>IDPlots: The plot number the tree in question is located in. (type: location)</li> <li>Line_number: The specific line within a plot that the tree in question is located in. (type: numeric)</li> <li>richness: If the plot the tree is located in is a plot enrichment-planted with one (mono) or 16 species (sixteen). (type: ordered categorical)</li> <li>X_m: Relative x coordinate - the first position of Field-Map had x,y,z-coordinates (0,0,0). (type: numeric)</li> <li>Y_m: Relative y coordinate. (type: numeric)</li> <li>Z_m: Relative z coordinate. (type: numeric)</li> <li>genus: The genus-level identity of the seedling. (type: categorical)</li> <li>species: The species-level identity of the seedling (type: taxa)</li> <li>survival: If the seedling was alive by 2015 (1 = alive, 0 = dead). (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>planting.date: The date of planting of the seedling. (type: date)</li> <li>survey_2002: the date of the survey for the 2002 census (type: date)</li> <li>survey_2011: the date of the survey for the 2011 census. (type: date)</li> <li>survey_2012: the date of the survey for the 2012 census. (type: date)</li> <li>survey_2015: the date of the survey for the 2015 census. (type: date)</li> <li>cohort: if this seedling was part of the initial planted cohort planted in 2002 (cohort 1) or the second cohort (cohort 2) which was planted later to replace those that had died. (type: ordered categorical)</li> <li>age_2002: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2002 (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>age_2011: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2011 (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>age_2012: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2012 (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>age_2015: the age (in days) of seedlings at the time of their survey in 2015 (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>diam_2002: Basal diameter of seedling in 2002, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>diam_2011: Basal diameter of seedling in 2011, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>diam_2012: Basal diameter of seedling in 2012, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>diam_2015: Basal diameter of seedling in 2015, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>DBH_2002: DBH of seedling in 2002, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>DBH_2011: DBH of seedling in 2011, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>DBH_2012: DBH of seedling in 2012, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>DBH_2015: DBH of seedling in 2015, measured in mm. (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>rgr_2002: the relative growth rate of seedling, calculated as (ln(diameter in 2015)-ln(diameter in 2002) / (age in days in 2015 - age in days in 2002). (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>rgr_2011: the relative growth rate of seedling, calculated as (ln(diameter in 2015)-ln(diameter in 2011) / (age in days in 2015 - age in days in 2011). (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>rgr_2012: the relative growth rate of seedling, calculated as (ln(diameter in 2015)-ln(diameter in 2012) / (age in days in 2015 - age in days in 2012). (type: numeric trait)</li> <li>openness: The average canopy openness score across 4 cardinal directions, taken during the second census. (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_5: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_10: the total basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_5: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_10: the mean basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_5: The basal area of the largest tree within 5 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_10: The basal area of the largest tree between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max: The basal area of the largest tree within 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_5: The number of trees within 5 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_10: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_5_nondip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_10_nondip: the total basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_nondip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_5_nondip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_10_nondip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_nondip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_5_nondip: The basal area of the largest tree within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_10_nondip: The basal area of the largest tree between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_nondip: The basal area of the largest tree within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_5_nondip: The number of trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_10_nondip: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_nondip: The number of trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding non-dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_5_dip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_10_dip: the total basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_dip: the total basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_5_dip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_10_dip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_mean_dip: the mean basal area of surrounding trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_5_dip: The basal area of the largest tree within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_10_dip: The basal area of the largest tree between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>dbh_max_dip: The basal area of the largest tree within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_5_dip: The number of trees within 5 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_10_dip: The number of trees between 5 and 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>no_trees_dip: The number of trees within 10 m of the focal seedling, considering only surrounding dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>openness_log: the openness column now expressed on a natural log scale. (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_log: The ba_total column expressed on a natural log scale. (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_total_log_scaled: The ba_total_log column scaled using the scale() function (center = TRUE, scale = FALSE). (type: numeric)</li> <li>prop_dip: The proportion of basal area of surrounding trees that belong to dipterocarps (type: numeric)</li> <li>ba_max: The basal area of the largest tree, calculated as pi * ((dbh_max / 10) ^ 2) / 40000. (type: numeric)</li> <li>prop_ba_max: the proportion of the basal area that belongs to the largest single tree (type: numeric)</li> </ul> </ul> <h2>Extents</h2> <ul> <li>Date range: 2002-07-01 to 2015-05-28</li> <li>Latitudinal extent: 5.07° to 5.1°</li> <li>Longitudinal extent: 117.64° to 117.67°</li> </ul> <h2>Taxonomic coverage</h2> <p>This dataset contains data associated with taxa and these have been validated against appropriate taxonomic authority databases.</p> <h3>GBIF taxa details</h3> <p>The following taxa were validated against the GBIF backbone dataset (version 2023-08-28). If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p> <div> - Plantae<br> -  - Tracheophyta<br> -  -  - Magnoliopsida<br> -  -  -  - Malvales<br> -  -  -  -  - Dipterocarpaceae<br> -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Dipterocarpus</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Dipterocarpus conformis</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Dryobalanops</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Dryobalanops lanceolata</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Hopea</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Hopea ferruginea</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Hopea sangal</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Parashorea</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Parashorea malaanonan</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Parashorea warburgii</em> (as synonym: <em>Parashorea tomentella</em>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea argentifolia</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea beccariana</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea faguetiana</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea gibbosa</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea johorensis</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea leprosula</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea macrophylla</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea macroptera</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea ovalis</em><br> -  -  -  -  -  -  - <em>Shorea parvifolia</em></div> </div>
Data from: Effects of the control of an invasive tree on the structure of a plant-frugivore network
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Data from: Tree species explain only half of explained spatial variability in plant water sensitivity
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Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore-induced plant volatiles indicate prey location – an experimental evidence with two tree species
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Growth and survival of seedlings of 14 species of lowland rainforest trees planted in the La Guaria Annex (Canada Plot) of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, in 1986 and measured every six months or every year until 1992 (Part 1 of 2)
During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Costa Rica’s old growth forests were being cut to clear land for cattle pastures and large-scale agriculture. Timber concessions were also growing pine, gmelina, and other non-native trees for harvesting. The Costa Rican government was developing plans for a reforestation program and for a Payment for Environmental Services program to combat forest loss. At this time there were no data available on the growth of native trees species. The TRIALS project (starting with the CANADA Plot) was designed by OTS (Organization for Tropical Studies) and the DGF (Dirección General Forestal) to measure the growth and survival of native tree seedlings planted on abandoned pasture lands at the La Selva Biological Station. Data from these seedlings formed the basis of the reforestation law and the Payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) plan and this model was replicated in many other areas of Costa Rica.
Growth and survival of seedlings of 14 species of lowland rainforest trees planted in the La Guaria Annex (Canada Plot) of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, in 1986 and measured every six months or every year until 1992 (Part 2 of 2)
During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Costa Rica’s old growth forests were being cut to clear land for cattle pastures and large-scale agriculture. Timber concessions were also growing pine, gmelina, and other non-native trees for harvesting. The Costa Rican government was developing plans for a reforestation program and for a Payment for Environmental Services program to combat forest loss. At this time there were no data available on the growth of native trees species. The TRIALS project (starting with the CANADA Plot) was designed by OTS (Organization for Tropical Studies) and the DGF (Dirección General Forestal) to measure the growth and survival of native tree seedlings planted on abandoned pasture lands at the La Selva Biological Station. Data from these seedlings formed the basis of the reforestation law and the Payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) plan and this model was replicated in many other areas of Costa Rica.
National Phenology Network tree phenology: Phenology, the timing of biological events such as bud break, plant flowering times and bird migration
Phenology is the study of recurring plant/animal phenophases. Environmental changes will likely impact phenological events at the species level and above. Most of the phenological changes are unknown at the species level and may have large impacts on natural ecosystems in the future. As part of a long term phenological experiment on forest ecosystems, since spring 2009 phenophases were observed on strategically selected forest species. This experiment is part of the National Phenology Network (USA-NPN).
Data from: Savannas after afforestation: assessment of herbaceous community responses to wildfire versus native tree planting
<p>Afforestation and fire exclusion are pervasive threats to tropical savannas. In Brazil, laws limiting prescribed burning hinder the study of fire in the restoration of Cerrado plant communities. We took advantage of a 2017 wildfire to evaluate the potential for tree cutting and fire to promote the passive restoration of savanna herbaceous plant communities after destruction by exotic tree plantations. We sampled a burned pine plantation (Burned Plantation); a former plantation that was harvested and burned (Harvested & Burned); an unburned former plantation that was harvested, planted with native trees, and treated with herbicide to control invasive grasses (Native Tree Planting); and two old-growth savannas which served as reference communities. Our results confirm that herbaceous plant communities on post-afforestation sites are very different from old-growth savannas. Among post-afforestation sites, Harvested & Burned herbaceous communities were modestly more similar in composition to old-growth savannas, had slightly higher richness of savanna plants (3.8 species per 50-m2), and supported the greatest cover of native herbaceous plants (56%). These positive trends in herbaceous community recovery would be missed in assessments of tree cover: whereas canopy cover in the Harvested & Burned site was 6% (less than typical of savannas of the Cerrado), the Burned Plantation and Native Tree Planting, supported 34% and 19% cover, respectively. By focusing on savanna herbaceous plants, these results highlight that tree cutting and fire, not simply tree planting and fire exclusion, should receive greater attention in efforts to restore savannas of the Cerrado.</p>
Household survey data: incentives influencing tree planting in the Albertine Rift Region of Uganda
<p>The study assessed the influence of incentives on tree planting by farmers in Kiryanga Sub county, Kagadi district, Albertine Rift Region, Western Uganda. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household interviews were conducted to generate data on the influence of incentives on tree planting. The χ<sup>2</sup> test established associations between incentives and tree planting while a t-test was conducted to test for differences in characteristics of non-tree farmers and tree farmers. Results indicate that incentives are important in tree planting although some did not match farmers' interests (χ<sup>2</sup> = 35.13, p <0.05). The incentives that were significant were: provision of tree seedlings (84.6%) and cash payments (69.4%) while farm tours as an incentive did not match farmers' interests. The success attributed to incentives mainly depended on land size, and tree species' preferences. The study concluded that, provision of tree seedlings and cash payments should be the incentives to be promoted. It is therefore important that stakeholders adopt incentive-based tree planting.</p>
Tree seedling functional traits mediate plant-soil feedback survival responses across a gradient of light availability
<p>Though not often examined together, both plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) and functional traits have important influences on plant community dynamics and could interact. For example, seedling functional traits could impact seedling survivorship responses to soils cultured by conspecific versus heterospecific adults. Furthermore, levels of functional traits could vary with soil culturing source. In addition, these relationships might shift with light availability, which can affect trait values, microbe abundance, and whether mycorrhizal colonization is mutualistic or parasitic to seedlings.</p> <p>To determine the extent to which functional traits mediate PSFs via seedling survival, we conducted a field experiment. We planted seedlings of four temperate tree species across a gradient of light availability and into soil cores collected beneath conspecific (sterilized and live) and heterospecific adults. We monitored seedling survival twice per week over one growing season, and we randomly selected subsets of seedlings to measure mycorrhizal colonization and phenolics, lignin, and NSC levels at three weeks.</p> <p>Though evidence for PSFs was limited, <em>Acer saccharum</em> seedlings exhibited positive PSFs (i.e., higher survival in conspecific than heterospecific soils). In addition, soil microbes had a negative effect on <em>A. saccharum</em> and <em>Prunus serotina</em> seedling survival, with reduced survival in live versus sterilized conspecific soil. In general, we found higher trait values (measured amounts of a given trait) in conspecific than heterospecific soils and higher light availability. Additionally, <em>A. saccharum</em> survival increased with higher levels of phenolics, which were higher in conspecific soils and high light.<em> Quercus alba</em> survival decreased with higher AMF colonization.</p> <p>We demonstrate that functional trait values in seedlings as young as three weeks vary in response to soil source and light availability. Moreover, seedling survivorship was associated with trait values for two species, despite both drought and heavy rainfall during the growing season that may have obscured survivorship-trait relationships. These results suggest that seedling traits could have an important role in mediating the effects of local soil source and light levels on seedling survivorship and thus plant traits could have an important role in PSFs.</p>
Data for: Shifts in plant-invertebrate interactions between wild and ex-situ conservation populations of a critically endangered tree
<p>Ex-situ conservation is an effective approach to prevent the extinction of endangered species. Biotic interactions (eg herbivory and pollination) are critical to ex-situ conservation success, including plant establishment, survival, and reproduction. However, shifts in biotic interactions between wild and ex-situ populations are still poorly understood. We compared herbivory and pollination characteristics between the only wild population (WP) and three ex-situ populations (LP, local population, nearby WP; NP, north population, ca. 850 km; and SP, south population, ca. 750 km) of a critically endangered tree species (<em>Sinojackia huangmeiensis</em>) to explore the latitudinal changes in plant-invertebrate interactions. Larvae of the Limacodidae family were the dominant herbivores in WP, LP, and NP, while the only herbivore observed in SP was a snail. Compared to WP, the leaf herbivory rate was unchanged in LP but decreased in NP and SP. Leaf defense traits (total phenols, tannins, leaf thickness, and leaf dry matter content) increased or remained unchanged in the three ex-situ populations. A pollinator (<em>Apis cerana</em>) of <em>S. huangmeiensis</em> was present in the four populations. NP and SP lacked some pollinators that were found in both WP and LP, but they shared one pollinator that was not observed in WP and LP. The pollinator visiting frequency increased in SP, while it did not change significantly in LP and NP. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggested that both herbivory and pollination of <em>S. huangmeiensis</em> changed in ex-situ populations, with complete or partial changes in herbivores, leaf herbivory rate, pollinators, pollinator visiting frequency, and fruit set in the two distant ex-situ populations. This work provides a unique empirical study of shifts in both antagonistic and mutualistic biotic interactions between wild and ex-situ populations. We emphasized that it is essential to integrate herbivore and pollinator management in future ex-situ conservation of plant species.</p>
Figure 3 in Aculus taihangensis (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), a potential biological control agent identified from the highly invasive pest plant, tree of heaven, in Türkiye
Figure 3. Aculus taihangensis – Deutogyne: A. Coxigenital region, B. Internal genitalia.
Plant invasion modifies isohydricity in Mediterranean tree species
<p>Understanding of plant hydraulic strategies (i.e., the degree of iso-/anisohydricity) is crucial to predict the response of plants to changing environmental conditions such as climate-change induced extreme drought. Several abiotic factors, including evaporative demand, have been shown to seasonally modify the isohydricity of plants. However, the impact of biotic factors such as plant-plant interactions on hydraulic strategies has seldom been explored. Here, we investigated adaptations and changes in hydraulic strategies of two woody species in response to seasonal abiotic conditions, experimental drought, and plant invasion in a Mediterranean cork oak (<em>Quercus suber</em>) ecosystem with a combined shrub invasion (<em>Cistus ladanifer</em>) and rain exclusion experiment. From the dry to wet season, <em>Q. suber </em>shifted from a partial isohydric to an anisohydric behaviour while <em>C. ladanifer </em>shifted from strict anisohydric to partial isohydric. During drought, water competition by plant invasion significantly modified the hydraulic strategy of invaded <em>Q. suber</em>, which was accompanied by lower pre-dawn leaf water potentials, sap flow density, leaf area index, and trunk increment rates. This altered isohydricity of invaded <em>Q. suber </em>trees was most likely caused by interspecific competition for water resources by water spending <em>C. ladanifer</em> shrubs. Both species do have the highest proportion of fine roots in the topsoil and thus, an additional water consumer, such as <em>C. ladanifer</em> can lead to more stressful conditions for <em>Q. suber</em> during times of water scarcity. Further underlying mechanisms of the altered isohydricity of <em>Q. suber</em>, such as potential allelopathic effects of <em>C. ladanifer</em> exudates on root growth of <em>Q. suber</em>, have to be investigated in the future. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the degree of isohydricity of two woody Mediterranean plant species is dynamically determined by the interplay of species-specific hydraulic traits and their abiotic and biotic environment.</p>
Intraspecific plant-soil feedback in four tropical tree species is inconsistent in a field experiment
<p>Soil microbes can influence patterns of diversity in plant communities via plant-soil feedbacks. Intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks occur when plant genotype causes variation in soil microbial composition, resulting in differences in the performance of seedlings growing near their maternal plants versus seedlings growing near non-maternal conspecific plants. How consistently such intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks occur in natural plant communities is unclear, especially under variable field conditions. We conducted an in situ experiment with four native tree species on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Seedlings of each species were transplanted beneath their maternal tree or another conspecific tree in the BCI forest. Mortality and growth were assessed at the end of the wet season (~4 months post-transplant) and at the end of the experiment (~7 months post-transplant). Differences in seedling performance among field treatments were inconsistent among species and eroded over time. Effects of field environment were detected at the end of the wet season in two of the species: <em>Virola surinamensis</em> seedlings had higher survival beneath their maternal tree than other conspecific trees, while the opposite pattern was found in <em>Ormosia macrocalyx</em>. However, these differences disappeared by the end of the experiment. Our results suggest that intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks may not occur consistently under field conditions in tropical tree species and may have a limited role in determining seedling performance in tropical tree communities. Future studies are needed to elucidate the environmental and genetic factors that determine the incidence and direction of intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks in plant communities.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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