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FIGURE 15 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 15. Holotypes of Rohanixalus baladika and R. nauli. A–J. Rohanixalus baladika, MZB Amph. 17.935: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot; F. schematic illustration of webbing on foot; G–L. Rohanixalus nauli, MZB.Amph. 14316: G. dorsal view; H. ventral view; I. lateral view of head; J. ventral view of hand; K. ventral view of foot; L. schematic illustration of webbing on foot.

FIGURE 14 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 14. Variations in dorsal markings and dorsolateral lines in Rohanixalus baladika. A. MZB Amph. 17.938 (paratype); B. MZB Amph. 17.939 (paratype); C. MZB Amph. 17.936 (paratype); D. MZB Amph. 18684; E. MZB Amph. 15409; F. MZB Amph. 16661; G. MZB Amph. 15655.

FIGURE 13 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 13. Tadpole of Rohanixalus vittatus from Andaman Islands, India. A–D. Gosner stage 35 larva: A. Lateral view, in life; B. lateral view, in preservation; C. dorsal view, in preservation; and D. ventral view, in preservation; E–G. Oral apparatus indicating variation in the tooth rows, keratinized jaw sheaths, and marginal and submarginal papillae at three different Gosner stages: E. Stage 25; F. Stage 30; G. Stage 35. AL: anterior labium; A-1 and A-2: first and second anterior tooth rows; PL: posterior labium; P-1, P-2, and P-3: first, second, and third posterior tooth rows; UJ: upper jaw sheath; LJ: lower jaw sheath; MP: marginal papillae; SP: submarginal papillae.

FIGURE 12 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 12. Male-male combats observed in Rohanixalus vittatus at Andaman Islands, India. A–C. Males presumably fighting over perching positions; D. multiple males mating with a single female.

FIGURE 11 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 11. Maternal egg-attending behaviour observed in Rohanixalus vittatus at Andaman Islands, India. A. A portion of banana leaf with seven egg clutches at different developmental stages (freshly-laid to stage 24) being attended by females; B. female attending a one-day egg clutch; C. female attending a developing egg clutch with stage 22 larvae; D. female attending a developing egg clutch with stage 23 larvae; E–H. attendance of egg clutches at different developmental stages by multiple females.

FIGURE 9 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 9. Male advertisement calls and reproductive behaviour in Rohanixalus vittatus from Andaman Islands, India. A–D. Male advertisement calls: A. oscillogram for 10 s call segment; B. oscillogram for 1 s call segment; C. oscillogram for 0.1 s call segment; D. spectrogram for 0.1 s call segment; E–I. sequence of reproductive behaviour: E. male and female in axillary amplexus; F. lateral view of the amplected pair at the time of oviposition, with female depositing light green eggs in jelly-nest; G. dorsal view of the amplected pair at the time of oviposition, with female clasping the egg clutch with her hind feet; H. male dismounts while the female remains motionless with her hind legs stretched over the egg clutch; I. male departs while the female continues to sit over the eggs, produces a gelatinous secretion from cloaca, and glazes it over the entire egg clutch by extending both her hind feet in a circular motion.

FIGURE 10 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 10. Freshly-laid egg clutch and embryonic development observed in the wild in Rohanixalus vittatus at Andamans Islands, India. A. The first bout of eggs released from the cloaca of female, about one minute after the initiation of oviposition; B. freshly-laid egg clutch after the completion of oviposition and glazing of the viscous secretion by female; C. differentiation of the tail and eyes (stage 21) on day three; D. further differentiation in stage 22 larvae on day four; E. embryos with dark pigmentation and developed eyes and tail (stage 23), showing movement inside the jelly-nest on day five; F. stage 24 larvae with reduced egg yolk, ready to hatch after six days; G. young hatchlings (stage 24) before dropping out from the jelly-nest on day six.

FIGURE 8. A–I in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 8. A–I. Rohanixalus vittatus (male, SDBDU 2019.4048) in life, from Andaman Islands, India: A. dorsolateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D. posterior view of thighs; E. enlarged view of skin over the tympanic region showing rounded speckles; F. ventral view of hand; G. ventral view of foot; H. schematic illustration of webbing on foot; I. lateral view; J–P. variations in body colour and skin texture in R. vittatus at Andaman Islands, India: J. dorsolateral view (male, SDBDU 2019.4033); K. dorsolateral view showing light green coloured mature ova through translucent skin (female, SDBDU 2019.4051); L. dorsolateral view showing light green coloured mature ova through translucent skin (female, SDBDU 2019.4034); M. dorsal view (male, SDBDU 2019.4037); N. dorsal view (male, 2019.4037); O. ventral view (female, SDBDU 2019.4034); P. ventral view (male, SDBDU 2019.4037); Q. sampling localities of R. vittatus at Middle and North Andamans in the present study.

FIGURE 7 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 7. Members of the genus Rohanixalus. A. Dorsolateral view of R. hansenae from the type locality, Nong Khor, Thailand; B. dorsolateral view of R. marginis (holotype) from Perlis State Park chalets, Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia; C. dorsal view of R. cf. nauli, from Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia with a jelly-nest; D. dorsolateral view of R. cf. nauli, from Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia; E. dorsolateral view of R. cf. nauli, from Bukit Barisan Forest Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia; F. dorsolateral view of R. punctatus (Paratype, JBS 9274) from Gwa, Rakhine State, Myanmar (CC Public domain 3.0; AmphibiaWeb); G. dorsolateral view of R. vittatus from Rangat, Middle Andaman Islands, India; H. dorsolateral view of R. senapatiensis from Manipur, India; I. dorsolateral view of R. shyamrupus from Namdapha, Arunachal Pradesh.

FIGURE 6 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 6. Members of the Feihyla vittiger group and their nest structure. A. F. inexpectata in dorsolateral view; B. F. kajau in dorsolateral view; C. eggs of F. kajau; D. early development in F. kajau at approximately stage 19; E. F. vittiger in dorsolateral view; F. an egg clutch of F. vittiger with developing embryos (approximately stage 21); G–M. Feihyla vittiger in life: G–J. dorsolateral view; K. dorsal view; L. posterior view of thighs; M. lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 3. Nest structure and egg clutch morphology in the closely related Asian genera Chirixalus, Feihyla, and Rohanixalus. A. Foam nest in genus Chirixalus: an amplected pair of C. simus on a freshly laid foam nest; B. bubble nest in genus Rohanixalus: R. vittatus female with a freshly laid egg clutch; C. jelly-nest in genus Feihyla: eggs of Feihyla fuhua; D. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in genus Rohanixalus; E. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in Feihyla palpebralis group (Feihyla sensu stricto); F. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in Feihyla vittiger group; G. schematic illustration of egg clutch morphology in genus Chirixalus.

FIGURE 5 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 5. Members of the Feihyla palpebralis group and their nest structure. A–E. Feihyla fuhua from Mt. Dawei, Yunnan Province, China. A. Dorsolateral view; B. lateral view (arrow indicating a white streak); C. dorsal view; D. freshly laid eggs in a jelly-nest (arrow indicating pigmented pole); E. developing embryos; F–G. Feihyla palpebralis from the type locality, Langbian Plateau, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam: F. dorsolateral view; G. freshly laid eggs in a jelly-nest (arrow indicating pigmented pole); H–I. Feihyla fuhua from Maguan County, Yunnan Province, China: H. dorsolateral view (arrow indicating a white streak); I. freshly laid eggs in a jelly-nest (arrow indicating pigmented pole).

FIGURE 4 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 4. Distribution of genetically confirmed records of all known Feihyla and Rohanixalus members (indicated by circles) and their respective type localities (indicated by triangles). Numbers corresponding to each species are indicated alongside the distribution spots.

FIGURE 2. A–B in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 2. A–B. DNA Barcoding based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences: A. genus Feihyla; B. genus Rohanixalus gen. nov.; C. distribution of the new genus Rohanixalus. Images represent the corresponding species and their broad geographical ranges.

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood tree showing phylogenetic relationships among 124 in New insights on the systematics and reproductive behaviour in tree frogs of the genus Feihyla, with description of a new related genus from Asia (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood tree showing phylogenetic relationships among 124 representative taxa from all recognised genera of the subfamily Rhacophorinae. Relationships are inferred based on 1,937 bp of mitochondrial (12SrRNA, tRNAVAL, 16SrRNA) and nuclear (RHO and RAG1) genes. Numbers above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities and RAxML bootstrap support values, respectively.

opencc-zeroMay 2019View details →

Data from: Seed and pollen dispersal distances in two African legume timber trees and their reproductive potential under selective logging

The natural regeneration of tree species depends on seed and pollen dispersal. To assess if limited dispersal could be critical for the sustainability of selective logging practices, we performed parentage analyses in two Central African legume canopy species displaying contrasted floral and fruit traits: Distemonanthus benthamianus and Erythrophleum suaveolens. We also developed new tools linking forward dispersal kernels with backward migration rates to better characterize long-distance dispersal. Much longer pollen dispersal in D. benthamianus (mean distance dp=700m, mp=52% immigration rate in 6 km2 plot, s=7% selfing rate) than in E. suaveolens (dp=294m, mp=22% in 2 km2 plot, s=20%) might reflect different insect pollinators. At a local scale, secondary seed dispersal by vertebrates led to larger seed dispersal distances in the barochorous E. suaveolens (ds=175m) than in the wind-dispersed D. benthamianus (ds=71m). Yet, seed dispersal appeared much more fat-tailed in the latter species (15-25% seeds dispersing >500m), putatively due to storm winds (papery pods). The reproductive success was correlated to trunk diameter in E. suaveolens and crown dominance in D. benthamianus. Contrary to D. benthamianus, E. suaveolens underwent significant assortative mating, increasing further the already high inbreeding of its juveniles due to selfing, which seems offset by strong inbreeding depression. To achieve sustainable exploitation, seed and pollen dispersal distances did not appear limiting, but the natural regeneration of E. suaveolens might become insufficient if all trees above the minimum legal cutting diameter were exploited. This highlights the importance of assessing the diameter structure of reproductive trees for logged species.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Long term impacts of selective logging on two Amazonian tree species with contrasting ecological and reproductive characteristics: inferences from Eco-gene model simulations

The impact of logging and subsequent recovery after logging is predicted to vary depending on specific life history traits of the logged species. The Eco-gene simulation model was used to evaluate the long-term impacts of selective logging over 300 years on two contrasting Brazilian Amazon tree species, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda copaia. D. odorata (Leguminosae), a slow growing climax tree, occurs at very low densities, whereas J. copaia (Bignoniaceae) is a fast growing pioneer tree that occurs at high densities. Microsatellite multilocus genotypes of the pre-logging populations were used as data inputs for the Eco-gene model and post-logging genetic data was used to verify the output from the simulations. Overall, under current Brazilian forest management regulations, there were neither short nor long-term impacts on J. copaia. By contrast, D. odorata cannot be sustainably logged under current regulations, a sustainable scenario was achieved by increasing the minimum cutting diameter at breast height from 50 to 100 cm over 30-year logging cycles. Genetic parameters were only slightly affected by selective logging, with reductions in the numbers of alleles and single genotypes. In the short term, the loss of alleles seen in J. copaia simulations was the same as in real data, whereas fewer alleles were lost in D. odorata simulations than in the field. The different impacts and periods of recovery for each species support the idea that ecological and genetic information are essential at species, ecological guild or reproductive group levels to help derive sustainable management scenarios for tropical forests.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Nest boxes increase reproductive output for Tree Swallows in a forest grassland matrix in central British Columbia

Secondary cavity-nesting birds depend on tree cavities for nesting and roosting, but many studies of these birds are conducted using nest boxes. Implementation of effective conservation strategies for cavity-nesting species such as nest-site supplementation requires careful comparisons of fecundity and other vital rates for birds using both natural and artificial nest site types. We compared breeding phenology, clutch and brood sizes, and fledging success of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in tree cavities and nest boxes during 2001–2003 in British Columbia, Canada. Swallows using nest boxes initiated egg-laying and hatched young at approximately the same time as those in tree cavities (2 June, 23 June, respectively). Female Tree Swallows in boxes laid larger clutches (5.9 ± 0.9 eggs, N = 76) than those in tree cavities (4.2 ± 1.6 eggs, N = 67). The mean number of nestlings hatched was greater in nest boxes (5.2 ± 1.1 nestlings, N = 67) than in tree cavities (2.6 ± 2.0 nestlings, N = 58). Pairs in boxes were over twice as successful in producing fledglings (93.4%; 57 of 61 pairs fledged > 1 young) than those in tree cavities (35.8%; 19 of 53 pairs). Of those successful nests, pairs nesting in boxes fledged 5.1 ± 1.1 young (N = 57), whereas those in tree cavities fledged 3.5 ± 1.2 young (N = 18). Because cavities in nest boxes averaged 60% larger in volume and 1.8 cm wider internally than tree cavities, we suggest that increased reproductive output was correlated with boxes enabling a larger clutch size. In previous research, we found that Tree Swallows were a poor competitor with other cavity-nesting passerines for tree cavities. The addition of nest boxes may serve as an effective way to supplement local reproduction for secondary cavity-nesting bird populations by reducing competition for limited nest sites. This is especially true in regions where the availability of natural nesting sites is highly variable, and where species compete with many other cavity-nesting passerines using a similar ecological niche and nesting cavities.

opencc-zeroJun 2019View details →

Data from: The loss of functional diversity: a detrimental influence of landscape-scale deforestation on tree reproductive traits

1. Agricultural activities such as crop production and cattle ranching are rapidly replacing forests worldwide, especially in the tropics. Resulting forest loss can adversely affect biodiversity in many ways, including trajectories of community reassembly, community composition, forest structural profiles, and taxonomic diversity. Yet, effects of forest loss on specific ecosystem functions remain limited. Processes closely linked with tree reproduction, such as pollination and seed dispersal are of paramount importance for many ecological functions in tropical forests. Disruption in these processes is known to delay or change forest regeneration, diversity, and structural dynamics. 2. To explore how reproductive and dispersal traits are being altered by landscape-scale deforestation, we surveyed and compiled trait data for tree communities in 20 tropical Atlantic rainforest remnants in northeastern Brazil, across a gradient of deforested landscapes, each retaining 3 to 93% forest cover. 3. The functional richness of reproductive plant attributes decreased as the amount of forest cover decreased, while divergence increased along the same gradient. Loss of forest cover disproportionately affected certain dispersal and reproductive attributes, with most heavily impacted functional attributes including: brief flowering duration, hermaphrodite sexual system, and zoochoric dispersal mode. We identified a clear threshold at 25-30% of forest cover, below which, reproductive attributes disappeared more quickly than expect from forest remnants. 4. Synthesis. Deforestation may impair tree community functional diversity, particularly by decreasing the number of functions and increasing certain functional reproductive attributes that are particularly successful in disturbed habitats. Under scenarios of extensive deforestation, changes to reproductive and dispersal trait profile of forest communities suggest that profound modifications in the availability of floral and seed resources are likely to be substantial. Such extensive changes to food supply of pollinating and dispersing animals suggest carry-over effects to the fauna of these important forest systems.