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609 results for “tropical Atlantic”
Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-presence and facilitation
<p><strong>Aims</strong>: Amidst the Campos de Altitude (Highland Grasslands) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, woody communities grow either clustered in tree islands or interspersed within the herbaceous matrix. The functional ecology, diversity and biotic processes shaping these plant communities are largely unstudied. We characterised the functional assembly and diversity of these tropical montane woody communities and investigated how they fit within Grime's CSR (C – competitor, S – stress-tolerant, R – ruderal) scheme, what functional trade-offs they exhibit and how traits and functional diversity vary in response to bamboo presence/absence.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: To characterize the functional composition of the community, we sampled five leaf traits and wood density along transects covering the woody communities both inside tree islands and outside (i.e. isolated woody plants in the grasslands community) . Then, we used Mann Whitney test, t-test and variation partitioning to determine the effects of inside vs outside tree island and bamboo presence on community weighted means, woody species diversity and functional diversity.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found a general SC/S strategy with drought-related functional trade-offs. Woody plants in tree islands had more acquisitive traits than those within the grasslands. Trait variation was mostly taxonomically than spatially driven, and species composition varied between inside and outside tree islands. Leaf thickness, wood density and foliar water uptake were unrelated to CSR-strategies, suggesting independent trait dimensions and multiple drought-coping strategies within the predominant S-strategy. Islands with bamboo presence showed lower Simpson diversity, lower functional dispersion, lower foliar water uptake and greater leaf thickness than in tree islands without bamboo.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The observed functional assembly hints towards large-scale environmental abiotic filtering shaping stress-tolerant community strategy, and small-scale biotic interactions driving small-scale trait variation. We recommend experimental studies with fire, facilitation treatments, eco-physiological and recruitment traits to elucidate on tree island expansion and communities response to climate change.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Knowledge connections for conservation of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara: records of tropical Brazilian coast
FIGURE 3 | A. Number of sightings of Atlantic Goliath Grouper (AGG) Epinephelus itajara in Alagoas (between 1960 and 2021) by length category. B. Percentage of required AGG recorded by habitats arranged in length category. Color-differentiated total length (TL) categories: juvenile (<50); subadult (50–100 cm); adult (101–150 cm); large adult (151–200 cm).
FIGURE 2 in Knowledge connections for conservation of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara: records of tropical Brazilian coast
FIGURE 2 | Percentage of Atlantic Goliath Grouper records for Sport fishing (Spo), Spearfishing (Spe), Professional fisher (Art), Recreational diving (Rec), and Stranding (Str).
FIGURE 6 in Knowledge connections for conservation of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara: records of tropical Brazilian coast
FIGURE 6 | A. Percentage of Atlantic Goliath Grouper (AGG) Epinephelus itajara registered along the coast of Alagoas, arranged in length category and; B. Percentage of individuals registered alive and dead (fished and stranded), along the division of the coast of Alagoas. C. Percentage of AGG recorded along the coast of Alagoas, distributed by habitats. Stranded animals also make up the graph. D. Distribution of AGG with estimated TL, arranged along the coast of Alagoas. Boxplots present the maximum and minimum limits (upper and lower rush). In the interquartile range are the third and first quartiles at the ends, median and mean (x) of the total length of the subjects. Colordifferentiated total length (TL) categories and separated by habitats.
FIGURE 5 in Knowledge connections for conservation of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara: records of tropical Brazilian coast
FIGURE 5 | A. Sightings of individuals of Atlantic Goliath Grouper (AGG) Epinephelus itajara in Alagoas, between 1960 and 2021, arranged by habitat and; B. Distribution of AGG with estimated Total Length arranged by habitat. Stranded animals also make up the boxplot. Habitats are separated by color, boxplots presents the maximum and minimum limits (upper and lower rush). In the interquartile range are the third and first quartiles at the ends, median and mean (x) of the AGG total length.
FIGURE 4 in Knowledge connections for conservation of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara: records of tropical Brazilian coast
FIGURE 4 | Photographic records from the pre-moratorium period, from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. All images are of captures made through spearfishing in shallow coastal reefs off the Alagoas coast.
FIGURE 1 in Knowledge connections for conservation of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper, Epinephelus itajara: records of tropical Brazilian coast
FIGURE 1 | Distribution of Atlantic Goliath Grouper (AGG) Epinephelus itajara from the coast of Alagoas. Sites with the occurrence of the AGG validated through photographic or scientific records (Image records); places cited by informants for the occurrence of the species (Reports). Alagoas State, Brazil. The Alagoas coast was separated into north, central and south sectors. The figure highlighted Federal Marine Protected Areas (MPA), on the north coast is the MPA "Costa dos Corais". To the south is located the Marine Extractive Reserve of Lagoa do Jequiá and Environmental Protection Area of Piaçabuçu in the extreme south of the coast.
FIG. 14 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 14. Cnidae of Actinostella flosculifera (Le Sueur, 1817). A, C, E, H, I, K, L, M, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; F, N, basitrichs S; D, G, J, P, p-mastigophore A; O, b-mastigophore; Q, p-mastigophore B1.
FIG. 8 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 8. Internal anatomy of Actinostella californica (McMurrich, 1893). A, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal verrucae (v), vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; B, cross section at the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries and siphonoglyphs (si); numbers between pairs of mesenteries indicate the corresponding cycle; C, detail of the endodermal marginal sphincter muscle; D, cross section of a tentacle showing the ectodermal longitudinal muscles; E, detail of developing oocytes (o); F, detail of a cross section showing the retractor (r) and parietobasilar (p) muscles; G, cross section of proximal end showing the basilar muscles (r). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscles; ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; o, oocytes; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; si, siphonoglyph; t, tentacle; v, verrucae; ve, vesicles. Scale bars: A, B, F, 0.5 mm; C–E, G, 0.1 mm.
FIG. 11 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 11. Internal anatomy of Actinostella digitata (McMurrich, 1893). A, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; B, cross section proximal to the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries, and the siphonoglyph (si); numbers between pairs of mesenteries indicate the corresponding cycle; C, detail of verrucae (v) in distal column; D, cross section of a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal muscles; E, detail of developing spermatic cysts (sc); F, detail of a cross section showing the retractor (r) and parietobasilar (p) muscles; G, cross section of proximal end showing weak basilar muscles (b). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscles; ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; sc, spermatic cysts; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; si, siphonoglyph; t, tentacle; v, verrucae; ve, vesicles. Scale bars: A, F, 5mm; B–E, G, 1 mm.
FIG. 5 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 5. External and internal anatomy of the holotype of Asteractis bradleyi Verrill, 1869 (YPM-1009) (= Actinostella bradleyi). A, lateral view of holotype, showing the marginal ruff; B, oral view of holotype; C, detail of the pedal disc of holotype; D, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal verrucae (v), vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; E, detail of the endodermal marginal sphincter muscle; F, detail of the verrucae in the distal column; G, cross section at the actinopharynx level showing the directive mesenteries, retractor muscle (r), and siphonoglyphs (si); H, detail of a pair of mesenteries of the third cycle showing the parietobasilar muscle (p); I, longitudinal section of proximal end showing basilar muscles (b). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscle; f, marginal ruff; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; si, siphonoglyphs; v, verrucae; ve, vesicle. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 0.5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 3. Internal anatomy of Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869). A, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal verrucae (v), vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; B, cross section at the actinopharynx level showing four cycles of mesenteries; numbers between pairs of mesenteries indicate the corresponding cycle; C, detail of the endodermal marginal sphincter muscle; D, cross section of a tentacle showing the ectodermal longitudinal muscles; E, detail of developing spermatic cysts (sc); F, detail of developing oocytes (o); G, detail of a cross section showing the retractor (r) and parietobasilar (p) muscles; H, cross section of proximal end showing the basilar muscles (b). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscles; ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; o, oocytes; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; sc, spermatic cysts; t, tentacle; v, verrucae; ve, vesicles. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 0.5 mm; C–F, 0.1 mm.
FIG. 12 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 12. Cnidae of Actinostella digitata (McMurrich, 1893). A, B, D, F, G, H, J, K, basitrichs; C, spirocysts; L, basitrichs S; E, I, N, p-mastigophore A; M, b-mastigophore; O, p-mastigophore B1. Capsules depicted in K and O were found only in type specimens.
FIG. 9 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 9. Cnidae of Actinostella californica (McMurrich, 1893). A, C, D, F, G, I, J, K, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; E, L, basitrichs S; H, N, p-mastigophore A; M, b-mastigophore; O, p-mastigophore B1.
FIG. 4 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 4. Cnidae of Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869). A, C, E, H, I, K, L, M, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; F, N, basitrichs S; D, G, J, P, p-mastigophore A; O, b-mastigophore; Q, p-mastigophore B1.
FIG. 6 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies
FIG. 6. Cnidae of holotype of Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869) (YPM-1009). A, C, E, H, I, K, L, M, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; F, N, basitrichs S; D, G, J, P, p-mastigophore A; O, b-mastigophore.
Fig. 5 in Phylogeographic Structure within the Fiddler Crabs and (Brachyura, Ocypodidae) along the Tropical West Atlantic.
Fig. 5. Mismatch distribution for one Caribbean and nine Brazilian populations of Uca maracoani with 606 basepairs (A) and one Brazilian and one Caribbean population with 825 basepairs (B).
Fig. 2 in Phylogeographic Structure within the Fiddler Crabs and (Brachyura, Ocypodidae) along the Tropical West Atlantic.
Fig. 2. Haplotype network of Leptuca thayeri constructed with Popart, with a connection limit of 95%, derived from Cox1 mtDNA with 609 basepairs (A) and 826 basepairs (B). Black dots represent missing haplotypes (one-step edges); numbered 'H' indicate most common haplotypes.
Fig. 1 in Phylogeographic Structure within the Fiddler Crabs and (Brachyura, Ocypodidae) along the Tropical West Atlantic.
Fig. 1. Sample sites of Leptuca thayeri (black dots) and Uca maracoani (grey dots) populations from throughout the West Atlantic: Luperón & Sánchez from the Dominican Republic; Priory (St. Ann) from Jamaica; Marudá (Pará), Acuípe (Bahia), Bertioga (São Paulo) from Brazil. Grey squares correspond to localities sampled by Wieman et al. (2014), with sequences of U. maracoani in GenBank.
Fig. 4 in Phylogeographic Structure within the Fiddler Crabs and (Brachyura, Ocypodidae) along the Tropical West Atlantic.
Fig. 4. Mismatch distribution for two Caribbean and three Brazilian populations of Leptuca thayeri with 609 basepairs (A) and three Brazilian populations with 826 basepairs (B).
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