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105 results for “tropical region”
Lightning activity and wind speed variations in Tropical Cyclones of the Southwest Pacific Region
<p>Lightning data used in 'Lightning activity and wind speed variations in Tropical Cyclones of the Southwest Pacific Region'.</p>
Tropical forests are mainly unstratified especially in Amazonia and regions with lower fertility or higher temperatures
<p>The stratified nature of tropical forest structure had been noted by early explorers, but until recent use of satellite-based LiDAR (GEDI, or Global Ecosystems Dynamics Investigation LiDAR), it was not possible to quantify stratification across all tropical forests. Understanding stratification is important because by some estimates, a majority of the world's species inhabit tropical forest canopies. Stratification can modify vertical microenvironment, and thus can affect a species' susceptibility to anthropogenic climate change. Here we find that, based on analyzing each GEDI 25m diameter footprint in tropical forests (after screening for human impact), most footprints (60-90%) do not have multiple layers of vegetation. The most common forest structure has a minimum plant area index (PAI) at ~40m followed by an increase in PAI until ~15m followed by a decline in PAI to the ground layer (described hereafter as a one peak footprint). There are large geographic patterns to forest structure within the Amazon basin (ranging between 60–90% one peak) and between the Amazon (79 ± 9 % sd) and SE Asia or Africa (72 ± 14 % v 73 ±11 %). The number of canopy layers is significantly correlated with tree height (r<sup>2</sup>=0.12) and forest biomass (r<sup>2</sup>=0.14). Environmental variables such as maximum temperature (Tmax) (r<sup>2</sup>=0.05), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (r<sup>2</sup>=0.03) and soil fertility proxies (e.g. total cation exchange capacity - r<sup>2</sup>=0.01) were also statistically significant but less strongly correlated given the complex and heterogeneous local structural to regional climatic interactions. Certain boundaries, like the Pebas Formation and Ecoregions, clearly delineate continental scale structural changes. More broadly, deviation from more ideal conditions (e.g. lower fertility or higher temperatures) leads to shorter, less stratified forests with lower biomass.</p>
The potential for natural forest regeneration in tropical regions
<p>Extensive forest restoration is a key strategy to meet nature-based sustainable development goals and provide multiple social and environmental benefits. Yet achieving forest restoration at scale requires cost-effective methods. Tree planting in degraded landscapes is a popular but costly forest restoration method, which often results in less biodiverse forests when compared to natural regeneration techniques under similar conditions. Here, we assess the current spatial distribution of pantropical natural forest (from 2000-2016) and use this information to present the first model of the potential for natural regeneration across tropical forested countries and biomes at 30-meter spatial resolution. We estimate that 215 million hectares - an area greater than the entire country of Mexico - have potential for natural forest regeneration, representing an above-ground carbon sequestration potential of 23.4 Gt CO2 (range 21.1-25.7 Gt) over 30 years. Five countries (Brazil, Indonesia, China, Mexico, and Colombia) account for 52% of this estimated potential, showcasing the need for targeting restoration initiatives that leverage natural regeneration potential. Our results facilitate broader equitable decision-making processes that capitalise on the widespread opportunity for natural regeneration to help achieve national and global environmental agendas. </p> <p><em>File descriptions:</em></p> <p><em>pnv_pct_30m - files named with this prefix are the 30m continuous probability predictions of the potential for natural regeneration, stored as integers representing percentages to minimise file sizes </em></p> <p><em>tile_index_number_map.jpg – corresponding locations of the ‘pnv_pct_30m’ tiles </em></p> <p><em>prop pnv v1 1km.tif - for display purposes only (not used in the Williams et al. analysis) the approximately 1km resolution overview raster representing the proportion of the area of each pixel that has the potential for natural regeneration </em></p> <p><em>pnv_bin_30m.zip - this .zip folder contains the 30m resolution binary predictions (where a value of >0.5 is allocated a value of 1, acknowledging users may prefer to use a different threshold for their context) of areas suitable for natural regeneration </em></p> <p><em>The 30m resolution datasets have been tiled into 10 degree latitude/longitude tiles</em></p>
Species Abundance Distributions (SADs) for local tree communities in 1-ha forest plots on 20 tropical islands in the Indo-Pacific region
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Raw data: Temperature and water availability drive insect seasonality across a temperate and a tropical region
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Data from: Forest loss and treeless matrices cause the functional impoverishment of sapling communities in old-growth forest patches across tropical regions
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Tropical forests are mainly unstratified especially in Amazonia and regions with lower fertility or higher temperatures
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Data from: Divergent rates of change between tree cover types in a tropical pastoral region
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Data from: Disparity in taxonomic and functional diversity of amphibians and reptiles in a tropical region of central Mexico
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Climate model output from a study of tropical cyclones over the Shanghai region under climate change based on a convection-permitting modelling
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Data from: Tropical tree species diversity in a mountain system in southern Mexico: local and regional patterns and determinant factors
Mechanisms explaining patterns of biodiversity along elevation gradients in tropical mountain systems remain controversial. We use a set of climatic, topographic and soil variables encompassing regional, landscape and local-level spatial scales to explain the spatial variation of tree species diversity in the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico. We sampled 128 circular plots (0.1-ha each) in four elevational bands along four elevation gradients or transects encompassing 100-2200 m. A total of 12,533 trees belonging to 444 species were recorded. Diversity patterns along the elevation gradient and the explanatory power of independent variables were dependent on spatial scale (regional vs transect) and functional group (total vs late-successional or pioneer species). Diversity of all species and late-successional species (1 - proportion of pioneer species) showed a constant pattern at the regional and transect scales, with low predictive power of climatic variables and/or elevation. A linear decrease of either number or proportion of pioneer species diversity was observed with increasing elevation, which was correlated with temperature, rainfall, and human disturbance trends. Total species diversity showed an increase with rainfall of the warmest quarter, indicating a regional-level limiting effect of seasonality (drought duration). Yet the explanatory power of climatic and topographic variables was higher at the individual transect level than at the regional scale, suggesting the parallel but differential influence of evolutionary and geological history factors on diversification not so far studied to explain elevation patterns of species diversity in tropical mountain systems.
Data from: Using multiple traits to assess the potential of introduced and native vines to proliferate in a tropical region
Predicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains an ongoing challenge due to the multiple interacting regional and global processes that facilitate the introduction and proliferation of alien species. This may be particularly true in regions where native species are increasingly reported as expanding and impacting ecosystems in ways indistinguishable from alien ones. Current approaches to assess the invasive potential of plants may be limited by the choice of traits used and the exclusion of native species. To overcome these limitations, we develop a novel approach that focuses on all species—native and alien—within a functional group of plants to predict their proliferation status. Our approach relied on the development of an extensive database of extrinsic and intrinsic traits for Puerto Rican vines with the goal of generating a predictive model of vine proliferation status. We test three hypotheses linking origin, extrinsic and intrinsic traits, and proliferation status. We found that the origin of proliferating vines was associated with only one out of seven traits, namely plant use. We also found that proliferation status was associated with all but two traits, namely life span and climbing mechanism. Finally, a classification tree analysis identified five variables as good predictors of proliferation status and used them to split the species into six groups characterized by a unique suite of traits, three of them included proliferating species. The development of tools to identify potential proliferating species is critical for management and conservation purposes. Tools that can minimize biases and make predictions based on trait data easily obtainable are particularly needed in regions with a high taxonomic and functional diversity, and with limited ecological knowledge of individual species. In addition, these tools should be capable of incorporating native species since an increasing number of native species are behaving like invasive aliens.
Data from: Lake regionalization and diatom metacommunity structuring in tropical South America
Lakes and their topological distribution across Earth's surface impose ecological and evolutionary constraints on aquatic metacommunities. In this study, we group similar lake ecosystems as metacommunity units influencing diatom community structure. We assembled a database of 195 lakes from the tropical Andes and adjacent lowlands (8ºN–30ºS and 58–79ºW) with associated environmental predictors to examine diatom metacommunity patterns at two different levels: taxon and functional (deconstructed species matrix by ecological guilds). We also derived spatial variables that inherently assessed the relative role of dispersal. Using complementary multivariate statistical techniques (Principal Component Analysis, cluster analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, Procrustes, variance partitioning), we examined diatom-environment relationships among different lake habitats (sediment surface, periphyton and plankton) and partitioned community variation to evaluate the influence of niche- and dispersal-based assembly processes in diatom metacommunity structure across lake clusters. The results showed a significant association between geographic clusters of lakes based on gradients of climate and landscape configuration and diatom assemblages. Six lake clusters distributed along a latitudinal gradient were identified as functional metacommunity units for diatom communities. Variance partitioning revealed that dispersal mechanisms were a major contributor to diatom metacommunity structure, but in a highly context-dependent fashion across lake clusters. In the Andean Altiplano and adjacent lowlands of Bolivia, diatom metacommunities are niche assembled but constrained by either dispersal limitation or mass effects, resulting from area, environmental heterogeneity, and ecological guild relationships. Topographic heterogeneity played an important role in structuring planktic diatom metacommunities. We emphasize the value of a guild-based metacommunity model linked to dispersal for elucidating mechanisms underlying latitudinal gradients in distribution. Our findings reveal the importance of shifts in ecological drivers across climatic and physiographically distinct lake clusters, providing a basis for comparison of broad-scale community gradients in lake-rich regions elsewhere. This may help guide future research to explore evolutionary constraints on the rich Neotropical benthic diatom species pool.
Data from: Landscape structure mediates zoochorous-dispersed seed rain under isolated pasture trees across distinct tropical regions
Context: Isolated pasture trees play an important role in forest recovery within fragmented tropical landscapes by attracting seed dispersers and facilitating seedling growth. However, studies with conflicting results have led to confusion about what drives variation in zoochorous-dispersed seed rain patterns under isolated tree canopies. Objectives: To assess the role of landscape and biological factors impacting zoochorous-dispersed seed rain under isolated pasture trees across three tropical regions of the world. Methods: We measured seed dispersal under 144 isolated pasture trees found in 12 fragmented tropical and sub-tropical landscapes in Australia, Colombia and Nigeria. Using linear mixed effect models, we modeled seed diversity, abundance, richness and evenness as functions of the biological features and landscape context of isolated trees. Results: Throughout all regions, the amount of woody vegetation surrounding trees in pastures was negatively related to rainforest seed diversity, evenness and abundance. Seed diversity and evenness increased significantly with the distance of isolated trees to forest fragments in the Australian sub-tropics, but elsewhere, seed diversity and evenness tended to decline with distance to forest, though not significantly. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the tree composition of landscapes surrounding isolated pasture trees is important for influencing zoochorous-dispersed seed rain, regardless of the region studied. Our study highlights the prominent role of landscape-scale, rather than local-scale factors on seed dispersal to isolated pasture trees, while providing strong evidence that early stage successional processes involving isolated pasture trees are similar throughout global tropical regions.
Data from: Ecology of the growth of Anolis nebulosus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in a seasonal tropical environment in the Chamela region, Jalisco, Mexico
Juvenile growth rates are thought to be restricted by available food resources. In animals that grow throughout the year, such as tropical lizards, growth is therefore predicted to be faster during the rainy season. We test this prediction using a population of Anolis nebulosus by describing the growth trajectories of both sexes using nonlinear regression models, and we then correlate the growth rates of individuals with food available in the environment, precipitation and temperature. The Von Bertalanffy model fit the growth rates of the females better, while the logistic-by-length model fit the males better. According to both models, the males grew faster than females, reaching slightly smaller sizes at adulthood. Males reached sexual maturity when 35 mm long, at an age of seven months, and females matured at 37 mm (SVL), taking nine months to reach this size. In 1989, juvenile males and females grew more in both seasons (rainy and dry) than adults; for 1990 there were no differences by season or between age classes. These results are interesting since in the 1989 and 1990 rainy seasons, practically the same orders of prey and the greatest abundance of prey available in the environment were registered. A possible explanation could be that predation was more intense in 1990 than in 1989. The influence of food, temperature and humidity in A. nebulosus shows little evidence to support our working hypothesis, mainly due to the low growth variation observed in 1990, so, we believe that the growth pattern of this species can be a complex combination of ecological and genetic factors.
Data from: Species richness-productivity relationships of tropical terrestrial ferns at regional and local scales
1. The species richness-productivity relationship (SRPR), by which the species richness of habitats or ecosystems is related to the productivity of the ecosystem or the taxon, has been documented both on regional and local scales, but its generality, biological meaning, and underlying mechanisms remain debated. 2. We evaluated the SRPR and 3 mechanistic hypotheses using terrestrial ferns in 18 study plots along an elevational gradient (500-4000 m) in Ecuador. We measured annual increases in above-ground biomass of 6175 fern individuals from 91 species over 2 years, and estimated plot-level tree productivity from increases in above-ground woody biomass of 560 trees. Analyses were conducted by (a) comparing plots along the elevational gradient (regional scale) and (b) comparing plots within each elevational belt (local scale). 3. Fern diversity was related to the productivity of the fern assemblages, but not to above-ground productivity of the trees. At the regional scale, we found a positive relationship of fern species richness to fern productivity that appeared to be determined by an increase in the number of fern individuals and niche availability. In contrast, at the local scale this relationship was negative and likely driven by interspecific competition. 4. Synthesis: Plot diversity of ferns appears to be limited by the number of available niches and competition to occupy these niches. At the local scale, this is reflected in a negative SRPR probably driven by competition, whereas with increasing scale the positive influence of productivity emerges. This represents the first evidence that productivity and competition affect the diversity of tropical herb assemblages at the plot scale.
FIGURES 5–9 in tropical Region
FIGURES 5–9. Neuzina diminuta. (5) Female terminalia, ventral view; (6) male terminalia, left lateral view; (7) hypandrium; (8) male terminalia, right lateral view; (9) male terminalia, frontal view. Aedeagus (aed.); aedeagal apodeme (aed. ap.); anterior surstylus (a.s.); epandrium (ep.); gonopod (gon.); paramere (par.); posterior surstylus (p.s.); spiracle 6 (sp. 6); spiracle 7 (sp. 7); sternite 6 (st. 6); sternite 7 (st. 7); sternite 8 (st. 8).
FIGURES 1–4 in tropical Region
FIGURES 1–4. Neuzina diminuta. Male. (1) Habitus; (2). Head, frontodorsal view; (3) Head, frontal view; (4) Wing.
FIGURES 44–56 in Species of the Genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Afro-tropical Region
FIGURES 44–56. Thrips species. (44) quadridentatus, paralectotype metanotum.(45) quilici, paratype metanotum. (46) rufescens, paratype metanotum. (47) rufescens, paratype tergite VIII. (48) quilici, paratype tergite VIII. (49) solari, holotype head & pronotum. (50) solari, mesonotum & metanotum. (51) solari, tergites VII–VIII. (52) simplex, metanotum. (53) tenellus, sternites VI–VII. (54) tabaci, pleurotergite. (55) subnudula, sternites VI–VII. (56) subnudula, tergites VII–VIII.
FIGURES 31–43 in Species of the Genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Afro-tropical Region
FIGURES 31–43. Thrips species. (31) microchaetus, mesonotum & metanotum. (32) microchaetus, sternites VI–VII. (33) nigropilosus, metanotum. (34) nigropilosus, tergites II–IV. (35) orientalis, metanotum. (36) orientalis, tergite VIII. (37) palmi, metanotum. (38) parvispinus, metanotum. (39) parvispinus, sternites VI–VII. (40) pretiosus, metanotum. (41) priesneri, pronotum. (42) priesneri, metanotum. (43) pusillus, metanotum.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.