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113 results for “urban birds”
Physiological consequences of urbanization to Sonoran Desert birds
As cities expand worldwide, understanding how species adapt to novel urban habitats will become increasingly important to conservation. The adrenocortical stress response enables vertebrates to cope with novel environmental challenges to homeostasis. We examined baseline and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in three songbird species within and around Phoenix, Arizona. We tested whether baseline and stress-induced CORT patterns differed among species living at varying densities in Phoenix and tested the hypothesis that, for species capable of successfully colonizing cities, individuals living in urban areas have a decreased acute stress response compared to individuals living in native desert. Baseline CORT levels were generally similar in urban and desert birds. Capture and handling stress typically produced greater total CORT responses in urban birds than in desert birds, although these responses differed as a function of sampling date. Urban birds showed less seasonal variability in stress responses than desert birds. We propose that more predictable resources in the city than in rural areas may decrease the need to vary stress responsiveness across life history stages. The results highlight the species-specific effects of urbanization on stress physiology and the difficulty to predict how urbanization impacts organisms.
Data from: Plasticity versus evolutionary divergence: what causes habitat partitioning in urban-adapted birds?
<p>Habitat partitioning can facilitate the coexistence of closely related species, and often results from competitive interference inducing plastic shifts of subordinate species in response to aggressive, dominant species (plasticity), or the evolution of ecological differences in subordinate species that reduce their ability to occupy habitats where the dominant species occurs (evolutionary divergence). Evidence consistent with both plasticity and evolutionary divergence exist, but the relative contributions of each to habitat partitioning have been difficult to discern. Here we use a global dataset on the breeding occurrence of birds in cities to test predictions of these alternative hypotheses to explain previously described habitat partitioning associated with competitive interference. Consistent with plasticity, the presence of behaviorally dominant congeners in a city was associated with a 65% reduction in occurrence of subordinate species, but only when the dominant was a widespread breeder in urban habitats. Consistent with evolutionary divergence, increased range-wide overlap with dominant congeners was associated with a 56% reduction in occurrence of subordinates in cities, even when the dominant was absent from the city. Overall, our results suggest that both plasticity and evolutionary divergence play important, concurrent roles in habitat partitioning among closely related species in urban environments.</p>
The community structure of bird assemblages on urban Strangler figs
Figs have been regarded as keystone plant resources that support diverse tropical vertebrate frugivore communities. Planting or conserving large fig trees, such as stranglers, has therefore been proposed for enhancing urban biodiversity. We compared the diversity and community structure of bird assemblages on strangler figs with non-fig urban trees as well as between the fruiting and non-fruiting fig trees in an urban setting in Singapore. The total bird abundance across all the fig trees when in fruit was 4.5-fold higher than on non-fig trees and 3.5-fold higher than when the same fig trees were not fruiting, but only attracted two more species. On individual trees, after accounting for the presence of mistletoes, tree height, the area covered by buildings and road lane density, and distance to natural vegetation, mean diversity was not different between non-fig trees and fig trees when they were not in fruit. On the other hand, when fruiting, each fig tree on average had 1.4 more species, 3 more counts of non-native birds, and 1.6 more counts of insectivorous birds than when not fruiting. There was significant compositional turnover between non-fig trees and non-fruiting fig trees, while community dispersion was significantly lower among fig trees in fruit. Our results demonstrate that fig trees provide fruit and non-fruit resources for birds in an urban landscape but do not necessarily support a more diverse total bird assemblages than non-fig trees. Instead, bird communities on fruiting urban figs would be highly homogeneous and dominated by a few species.
Least‐cost path analysis for urban greenways planning: a test with moths and birds across two habitats and two cities
<p>1. One of the major planning tools to respond to urban landscape fragmentation is the development of ecological corridors, i.e. interconnected networks of urban green and blue spaces. Least-cost paths (LCP) appear to be an easy and appropriate resistance-based modeling method to respond to urban planners' needs. However, the ecological validation of urban corridors using LCP is rarely performed and needs to be generalized to different species, habitats and cities.</p> <p>2. We developed an experimental design to test the efficiency of LCP predictions to detect highly connecting landscape contexts that facilitate individual movements compared to movements in less connecting landscape contexts. We deliberately assigned LCP analysis parameters based on the scientific literature and expert knowledge to test a method potentially easy to use for urban stakeholders. To extend the validation, we applied our LCP model to two biological taxa with different habitat requirements: grassland-dwelling moths and forest-dwelling passerines, and to two medium-sized cities.</p> <p>3. We used mark-release-recapture (MRR) methods for moths and playback recall protocols for passerines to compare the patterns of individual movement between two contrasted connectivity contexts determined by the presence and absence of modelled LCPs. MRR protocol estimated movement rates between herbaceous patches and the two contrasted connectivity contexts. Playback recall protocol consisted in attracting individuals from wooded patches to the two contrasted connectivity contexts. A movement was considered facilitated, when displacement was rapidly engaged and individuals moved a long distance from their wooded patch.</p> <p>4. Moth and passerine movement patterns differed between the two connectivity contexts: moth recapture rates were higher in highly connecting contexts than in less connecting contexts. For passerine birds, responses to playback recalls were faster and movement distance longer in highly connecting contexts. All results support the hypothesis that both taxa were more prone to move in corridors modeled by LCP.</p> <p>5. The convergence of the results for different biological models and across cities strengthens the relevance of LCP analysis for planning urban greenways and provides guidelines for landscape planners in the development of these corridors to favor the movement and survival of multiple urban species.</p>
Data from: Geographic variations in eco-evolutionary factors governing urban birds: the case of university campuses in China
<ol> <li><span>Urbanization alters natural habitats, restructures biotic communities, and serves as a filter for selecting species from regional species pools. However, empirical evidence of the specific traits that allow species to persist in urban areas yields mixed results. More importantly, it remains unclear which traits are widespread for species utilizing urban spaces (urban utilizers) and which are environment-dependent traits. </span></li> <li><span>Using 745 bird species from 287 university/institute campuses in 74 cities and their species pools across China, we tested whether species that occur in urban areas are correlated with regards to their biological (body mass, beak shape, flight capacity, and clutch size), ecological (diet diversity, niche width, and habitat breadth), behavioral (foraging innovation), and evolutionary (diversification rate) attributes. </span></li> <li><span>We used Bayesian phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models to disentangle the relative roles of these predictors further and to determine the extent to which the effects of these predictors varied among different cities. </span></li> <li><span>We found that urban birds were more phylogenetically clustered than expected by chance, and were generally characterized by a larger habitat breadth, faster diversification rate, more behavioral innovation, and smaller body size. Notably, the relative effects of the attributes in explaining urban bird communities varied with city temperature and elevation, indicating that the filters used to determine urban species were environment-dependent. </span></li> <li><span>We conclude that, while urban birds are typically small-sized, generalists, innovative, and rapidly-diversifying, the key traits that allow them to thrive vary spatially, depending on the climatic and topographic conditions of the city. These findings emphasize the importance of studying species communities within specific cities to better understand the contextual dependencies of key traits that are filtered by urban environments.</span></li> </ol>
Rapid responses of bees and butterflies but not birds to targeted urban road verge habitat enhancements
<p>Cities provide opportunities for biodiversity conservation through the design of urban greenspaces as wildlife habitat. A significant proportion of urban public land is narrow linear road verges, though their small size and harsh environmental conditions (e.g. high soil temperatures) may limit their ability to support plants and animals. We worked with a municipal government in a highly urbanised area to test whether conversion of standard road verges (e.g. lawn) to predominantly native understorey plants (forbs, grasses, and shrubs) selected for their abilities to tolerate harsh growing conditions and provide habitat increased the abundance and richness of bees, butterflies, and birds. We used a before-after-control-impact experiment and characterised temporal dynamics of biodiversity responses one year prior to planting and four years post planting. We also tested whether traits known to influence species responses to urbanisation (body size and feeding specialisation) mediated responses to road verge plantings. Bee species richness and abundance increased at experimental plantings in the first post-planting year and remained stable thereafter despite fluctuations at control sites. Butterfly abundance but not richness increased, and there was no evidence of bird responses to plantings. Larger bee species, which are known to be most negatively impacted by urbanisation, benefited more from the road verge plantings, while there was no effect of feeding specialisation. Bird and butterfly traits did not mediate responses to plantings. </p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications: </em>Road verges comprise a significant proportion of urban green spaces, and our results suggest that despite their small sizes and harsh environmental conditions they can provide habitat for bees and to a lesser extent butterflies. We demonstrated that habitat value can be rapidly enhanced by converting standard road verges to native understorey plants, and that these benefits may be greatest for the bee species most negatively impacted by urbanisation. Modifications such as additional plant species or wider verges may be required for urban road verges to provide habitat for a greater range of taxa including birds and butterflies.</p>
Fig. 4 in Landuse Patterns, Air Quality And Bird Diversity In Urban Landscapes Of Delhi
Fig. 4. Variation in abundance of foraging guilds (%) of birds among different sampling sites.
Fig. 1 in Landuse Patterns, Air Quality And Bird Diversity In Urban Landscapes Of Delhi
Fig. 1. Map of Delhi showing location of sampling sites.
Fig. 11 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 11. Distribution of occupied territories of Streptopelia decaocto and Columba palumbus.
Fig. 8 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 8. Distribution of occupied territories of Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
Fig. 10 in Breeding Bird Assemblage In A Mosaic Of Urbanized Habitats In A Cenral European City
Fig. 10. Distribution of occupied territories of Corvus cornix, C. frugilegus and Pica pica.
Phenotypic changes of beak dimensions in urban birds of Switzerland
<p><span>Humans' </span><span>large influence on the environment </span><span>has constructed many new ecological niches, such </span><span>as in urban areas</span><span>. </span><span>Phenotypic changes, including morphological ones related to human influence are known from a small number of bird species. </span><span>The amount of change in a given time period, i.e., the rate of change, may vary. Rates of change (both evolutionary and through phenotypic plasticity) are reportedly rapid in human-influenced settings, although this is disputed. We present new data on changes in beak dimensions and rates of change over historical time periods in four urban bird species (Common Chaffinch, European Greenfinch, Eurasian Blackbird, House Sparrow) from three Swiss cities (Basel, Bern, Geneva). </span><span>Our study shows that beak dimensions have changed little in most investigated urban bird populations over the past century. Only in Genevan Blackbirds there was evidence for an increase in beak length over the past 65 years; Bernese Chaffinches appear to be trending toward a decrease in beak width over the past 55 years. Rates of change in our sample in comparison with literature records showed that compared to populations less influenced by humans, urban evolutionary rates appear to be similar. Although in accordance with previous findings about other urban bird species, our study exemplifies the difficulty to find universal patterns in tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution in urban areas, even when considering the same taxa. Our data contribute to the expanding field of urban evolutionary biology, which is particularly important regarding the growing urban habitats worldwide.</span></p>
Urbanization shapes the relation between density and melanin-based colouration in bird communities
<p>Growing urbanization increasingly influences ecosystems worldwide. While the effects of urban conditions within species (through either plastic or evolutionary responses) have been widely studied, their potential influences among species (through environmental filter), especially concerning their colouration, remain poorly known. Here, we investigated whether avian communities breeding inside and outside a major European city (Paris) differ with regards to melanin-based plumage colouration. Melanins are heritable pigments present in many taxa and have a series of unique properties that may allow coping with urban conditions. Using melanic-based colouration as an integrative phenotypic marker, we predicted (i) that the probability of breeding inside the city should increase with the intensity of species melanin-based colouration, (ii) that for species breeding both inside and outside the city, density should increase with the intensity of dark colouration inside the city, but not outside the city, and (iii) that species not breeding inside the city should not exhibit this positive relation between density and colouration. Our results confirmed these predictions. In addition, the density of species not breeding inside the city decreased with the darkness of their plumage. Altogether, these results suggest that bird species experience a balance between costs and benefits of melanin-based colouration shaped by environmental conditions. Both the environmental filtering and the urbanisation-shaped relation between density and colouration evidenced here are likely a general trend, however possibly modulated by additional local environmental conditions. Their importance may even be underestimated given the restricted geographical scale and the overall urbanization rate of the region studied. Further studies involving regions with contrasted environmental conditions should gain insight into the consequences of urbanization worldwide on traits associated with melanin-based colouration.</p>
Feasibility of urban bird and nest amount evaluation by the street view image virtual survey
<p>The use of Street View maps in urban bird and nest surveys is worth exploring. Using Baidu Street-View (BSV) map, 49338 seamless spherical photos of 2741 sites were collected in Qingdao. Study evaluated the effectiveness and reproducibility of birds and nests using three observation angles and four experimenters. The BSV method and citizen science data were compared to evaluate their spatial distribution consistency. The BSV time machine is used to assess them time dynamics. The environment of the sampling sites with birds or nests was also surveyed information and evaluated the optimal environment. BSV photos can identify bird and nest, and different people had high repeatability on the evaluations. Bird nests selection middle-view BSV images could save 2/3 time used in the checks with >93% precision. Most citizen bird-watching sites overlapped or were close to nest hotspot areas from the BSV method and nests were more prevalent. The BSV time machine is suitable for investigating bird's nests. Nests and birds are more likely to be found in the leafless early spring, on large, traffic-dense coastal streets with complex vertical tree structures, and around tall buildings. For further urban bird research and conservation, this approach provides a pre-experimental and informative supplement.</p>
Worldwide bird assemblages across urban-wildland gradients
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We gathered presence/absence and abundance data from published studies and reports for 319 well-characterized assemblages spanning 50 cities from Africa, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. We focused on cities with comparable survey data within urban habitats and in nearby natural habitat. The final dataset contains almost 10,000 records for 1507bird species, 66 of which are introduced (non-native) in at least one study region. Species abundance per unit area or unit time were available for 269 assemblages from 42 cities, comprising 1353 species. Following Newbold et al. (2015), we used published habitat descriptions to classify the intensity of human use in urban habitats for each assemblage: (1) highly urbanised environments mainly contain densely packed buildings with vegetation scarce or absent; (2) moderately urbanised environments are residential areas with single-family houses and associated gardens; and (3) little-urbanised environments have few buildings and abundant vegetation (e.g. urban parks). The habitats outside the city were assigned to either natural vegetation or rural habitat based on the description of the habitat given in the source paper. Standardised survey methods were used across habitats within each region.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Dataset for study Long-term changes in urban bird populations: correspondence of the trends between urban and rural areas
<p>Dataset used for a study "Long-term changes in urban bird populations: correspondence of the trends between urban and rural areas"</p> <p>Data structure:</p> <p>Type = type of environment (R - rural, U - urban)<br> POID = unique identifier of each census point across all transects<br> Transect = unique identifier of a transect (each contains 20 census points)<br> Point = unique identifier of a point within one transect<br> Year = year of the count<br> Species = scientific name of bird species<br> Count = number of birds counted</p> <p>Each species has its own datafile.</p>
Migratory bird stopover patterns linked to urbanization and social landscapes
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Worldwide bird assemblages across urban-wildland gradients
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Data from: Urban bird commensals maintain coexistence under extreme food shortages
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Feasibility of urban bird and nest amount evaluation by the street view image virtual survey
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OpenNeuro
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